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Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Corn silage harvest may seem like a long way off, but preparation for a successful harvest begins now.  Improper silage storage and fermentation can result in losses up to 20% prior to feeding. Plan your storage now to keep excessive storage losses from happening to you.

Preventing oxygen from entering your silage should be a top priority when considering silage storage. Bagged silage is a versatile option that allows the storage location to move year to year and comes with a build in oxygen barrier but can carry a high price tag and may not be appropriate for large harvest amounts. Placing the silage in a bunker is another that can increase oxygen exclusion, but make sure to check these structures for cracks and repair any that are found to maintain their integrity. If silage is a feedstuff on your operation, the reduction in losses that a permanent structure paired with covering the pile provides can offset the costs when spread out over several years.

Silage piles are the more traditional approach and can allow for greater volumes of silage to be stored in a smaller area without the cost and permanent nature of bunkers. Oxygen exclusion in piles that lack a permanent structure can be enhanced with some planning.  Before harvesting, line the sides with bales and place oxygen-limiting plastic down the sides and for several feet under the bottom to seal the sides of the pile.  At a minimum, placing plastic on top of the pile is an investment worth the time, labor, and money.  By covering the pile, we can reduce oxygen from moving into the pile from the top and reduce precipitation exposure. 

Corn silage is a valuable feed resource and keeping oxygen out of your silage requires planning now. Pick an appropriate location for harvest and feed out success and store correctly to minimize feed losses.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

On today's almanac, extension plant pathologist Tamra Jackson Zeems gives us an update on current disease issues with corn in Nebraska.

She says Southern Rust has been reported in the eastern half of the state, and it might not be as prevalent as last season, but it is still a concern for farmers to consider.

[Tamra Jackson-Ziems, Nebraska Extension Plant Pathologist]

In the last few days, we have confirmed southern rust again here in Nebraska, in at least a dozen different counties in the eastern half of the state.

And as you might think back, southern rust is not rare, it's not a surprise for us to see some southern rust.

And it's rarely as bad as what you might remember last year in 2025.

To put some of that in perspective, we've confirmed Southern Rust in the last 20 out of 21 years where, since I've been here in the state, in Nebraska right now, we're not seeing widespread southern rust.

It's still very patchy and seemingly not severe in any of these fields.

This is a warning for us to get out and tell us it's time to start scouting, more intensively, to monitor for this disease because our corn is still young enough that it could potentially be impacted.

We need to watch the weather conditions very closely because weather conditions, and some of the field conditions we have could help make disease worse, and that goes for not only southern rust, but also tar spot.

It doesn't mean that we need to treat automatically.

So keep in mind, if you've already made a fungicide application.

It's most likely that you won't need to do so again.

If you haven't and you're kind of waiting to see what happens, then you might want to be sure and scout, and also be mindful of several of the factors that impact southern risk development, and whether or not you are likely to get a return on the investment with a fungicide application.

For example, keep in mind, there are some high risk factors.

If your field is pivot irrigated, we're adding moisture to that canopy, it does increase the chance of more disease, whether that southern rust or tar spot.

Many of the fields now and keep in mind our conditions are quite different right now than what we've seen in the past.

Warmer temperatures will favor southern rust, the cooler temperatures, including nighttime temperatures could favor tar spot development, and we often see tar spot development increase at the end of the season.

If you're thinking about making a fungicide application.

Consider the stage of the crop.

Applications made between early tasseling and the milk stage or R3 have tended to be the ones that are the most effective at controlling disease as well as most likely to give you a return on the investment.

But it does, of course, depend on a lot of other factors.

If you'd like some guidance on what those factors are, I encourage you to visit the crop protection network, the new return on investment tool or ROI tool, check that out, and walk through those steps, and it'll help you determine whether or not you're likely to get a return on the investment and even can type in some of the products for comparison.

And if you're not sure which products might work the best for disease control, consider what you've got in your fields, and whether you've had a history yet of tar spot.

Uh, that one will overwinter, southern rust cannot overwinter from last year.

So it doesn't matter if you had southern rust last year or not.

In addition to irrigated fields, you might also consider any fields that were planted late or had to be replanted, so they're much further behind in their development.

Those are more likely to be impacted if diseases begin to develop more strongly as we approach the end of the season.

If you want more information on these or other diseases, check out cropwatch.unl.edu or the crop protection network, where you can also compare the disease efficacy ratings for the fungicides, and those data are from the land great universities across the country.

And so if you need more information, or if you need help identifying a disease on the sample, please reach out to us in Nebraska extension, or bring a sample to the UNL Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic, or check in with your local county extension professionals.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

On our final look at the important topic of Sunset retirement planning for farm and ranch owners, Extension Agaconomist Jessica Grosskov talks about what you should be discussing with a financial planner.

On today's program, she dives into the topic of mapping out some key financial issues that you should be talking about with a professional as well as long-term healthcare.

[Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]

What is your withdrawal strategy?

If you do have retirement accounts or a pension plan, um, or some sort of investments, there are different rules around those types of accounts, and each account is slightly different.

And so there is actually a physical strategy.

Physical strategy um, that you need to have to withdraw those funds.

So if you are approaching retirement age, and you have retirement accounts, you need to work with an advisor to develop the strategy for removing those funds from those accounts.

And again, it really depends on the types of accounts that you have.

And something I think that financial advisors need to do a better job of is explaining the strategy for removing funds from those accounts based on your goals and what you want to happen during your sunset years.

What are your plans for long-term care?

Long term care is one of the biggest concerns that farmers and ranchers have.

And there are 3 ways that we can pay for long-term care.

The 1st way is we can qualify for Medicaid.

Medicaid is different than Medicare.

Medicaid is the poverty program for low income people to receive, um, medical support, which will cover or can cover long-term care.

However, There's a 5 year look back period on Medicaid, and it limits the number of assets that you can have control of in order to be able to qualify for it.

So in other words, enabled in order to be able to qualify for Medicaid, we are basically going to push you below the poverty line.

In a strategic manner, so that you qualify for the program and we have to do that at least at least 5 years before you enter the long term care.

And I will tell you before you decide that that's the path that you want to take.

You need to go visit, the long-term care facilities in your community, and look at the Medicaid available rooms.

I promise you, there are very limited options in our rural communities, and you probably aren't going to like those options.

The other thing is that currently, because of the limited options, often, you will have to travel to find a Medicaid eligible facility in rural Nebraska.

So, that was option number one is qualifying for Medicaid.

Option number 2 is having insurance or a long-term care rider that would be available to you.

So you either have purchased long-term care insurance, which is most affordable between the ages of 55 and 65 or you might have a life insurance policy or an annuity that has a long-term care writer attached to it.

Now, long term care insurance probably isn't as good as it used to be.

They obviously are having more folks inter long-term care as we watch baby boomers age. Into long-term care, and so, the options for long-term care insurance aren't as good as maybe as they were 10 or 20 years ago.

You need to read the fine print of your long-term care insurance policy and your long-term care writer to know exactly what type of coverage that you have.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

A full series of podcasts on farm succession and transition are available at UNL Center for Ag Profitabilities website.

Just visit cap.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts or Spotify.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Common mullein is an invasive biennial weed that can spread rapidly into pastures. First year seeds prefer to germinate and form rosette plants in disturbed or tilled soils. Then, second year mullein plants enter the bolting stage, developing yellow flowering seed head spikes. Due to recent mild winters, mullein winter survival has been high. 

For controlling small infestations, hand-pulling or digging can be effective, especially before plants produce seeds. Make sure to remove the entire rosette or sever the root below the soil surface. Repeated mowing when plants are in the bolting to early flowering stage can reduce seed production; but mowing low-growing rosettes is generally not effective. Remember that spring seed germination can be problematic for years after weed seed is produced. 

Herbicide control can be a challenge due to the dense, woolly mullein leaves hindering absorption and single mode of action herbicide usage has led to some herbicide-resistant populations. Effective control usually requires chemical application either during the first-year rosette stage OR prior to seed development during the second-year bolting stage. Note that non-ionic surfactant or crop oil concentrates must be included with most herbicide applications to overcome the woolly mullein leaves. 

The most effective labelled control products in UNL studies, which must be applied to rosettes prior to spring bolting, include Remedy®, Tordon®, Milestone®; Graslan®; MezaVue™; and Chaparral™. A fall application can control common mullein before it overwinters, but the herbicide will not persist and control new spring seedlings.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Crops & Water Educator, Samantha Daniel.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

A lot of farm owners have built their operation over decades by putting all of their resources, including finances for retirement, back into the farm.

This makes the thought of actually retiring almost financially impossible.

On today's almanac, extension ag economist Jessica Groskoff covers the difficult topic of farm owner retirement and future owner success.

[Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]

I do think this financial concern regarding retirement is something that really needs to be addressed as we talk about.

Okay, if I have someone coming back in the business and I need to step back.

What am I going to do in those sunset years?

And frankly, how am I going to afford to live?

We cannot make one generation destitute to bring in another.

And that goes both ways, right?

We can't make the the incoming generation.

Live a difficult life so that the older generation can have a comfortable life.

We have to make sure that they have a comfortable level of living support for both generations or all generations that come and live and work in the farming and ranching business.

And this is a huge challenge as we talk about this transition process is this business has to be able to support multiple family units.

And we have to do that in a way that everybody has a livable wage and a livable standard of living.

Now, does that mean that the farm or the range business has to provide the full standard of living?

Not necessarily, but we do have to know that everyone has the means to have a reasonable lifestyle.

Okay.

The other one that jumps out to me here is we get deeper into the list is that 55% of farmers and ranchers in the survey said that they do not have a successor coming back into the business. 55% do not have someone. Coming back into the business.

So, again, as we think about this process, it's difficult to retire from the business when you don't know who that successor is going to be, who's really going to be the next manager of this business.

I think this is extraordinarily important and part of why Nebraska extension has the Nebraska Landlink program.

The landlink program is a program specifically for farmers and rangers who do not have someone coming back into their business.

What the program does is it matches, um, existing farmers and rangers with new and beginning producers to help them get started.

So, how do we know?

How do we know if we're ready to kind of step back without stepping away?

How do we know that we're ready to slow down a little bit and let someone else come into our business?

And this requires actual planning.

And I like to see you do that planning with a certified financial planner, a CFP, um, or a financial advisor that has agricultural knowledge and an agricultural background.

I'm not going to go through all of the questions.

Um, but these are the kinds of questions that you need to discuss with them and and things you're going to need answers to before you walk into a meeting with a financial advisor.

I think these are the questions that don't get enough attention.

Um, by financial advisors, especially when what they're working with farm and reach families.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

A full series of podcasts on farm succession and transition are available at UNL Center for Ag Profitabilities website.

Just visit cap.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts or Spotify.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Planning your operations future can cause some significant headaches and problems, especially if you're not ready to retire.

On today's almanac, extension agonomist Jessica Groskoff talks about scaling back your involvement in everyday operations.

She begins today's program by encouraging farmers to reevaluate current business documents, and relates that to what needs to be done when retirement is looming.

[Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]

So if you have an LLC agreement, if you have an entity or a partnership agreement, there's quite a bit of information in there that is going to impact what happens with your farm or your ranch business.

So you might be sitting here today and saying, I've done nothing.

But I happen to have an LLC agreement.

And so I'm going to go through the next 2 steps of planning, which will also, Lead into that because when we have signed legal documents, those legal documents do come into play, even if we haven't thought about them as puzzle pieces that fit together.

So the next segment of planning that we're going to focus on is what we like to call sunset planning.

This used to be titled retirement planning, but Anastasia and I are both fully aware that farmers and rangers rarely actually plan to retire.

So we call it sunset planning because there is that kind of end of your life where you either want to step back from that business or you are forced to step back from that business for medical reasons.

So, Sunset planning is really thinking about what happens when I maybe step back and let someone else step in to more of that that decision making role and maybe my hat shifts from owner operator more to just owner?

So let's let's take a look at sunset planning a little bit more.

So again, we're fully aware that only about 20% of farmers and rangers plan to completely retire from farming or ranching.

We did a survey in 2017 and asked why.

Why don't you want to step back?

And, You know, I think there's some things on here that aren't surprising. 75% said they didn't want to give up control.

We know that the passing of the torch between generations takes a while.

A lot of farmers and rangers who are of a traditional retirement age.

Maybe have only had actual decision making power over their business for a few years because their parents didn't pass on that power to them until just recently.

We know that equipment plays a role in that.

It's, um, Great to have modern equipment that allows folks to farm longer, right?

It's less strenuous on the body. 66% say that if they quit, they would die.

So they relate it to their own mortality, that's what that means.

But I really want to highlight, The one that says 62% cannot afford to retire.

62%.

Of farmers and ranchers say they cannot afford to retire.

Sometimes this is not a control issue.

Sometimes this is a financial issue.

Often, farm and range families have put everything.

And I mean everything back into the business.

So unlike their urban counterparts, right?

We don't have the retirement accounts and the investment accounts that complement the business.

A lot of that was put into the business.

What we see folks doing is liquidating equipment, and then renting out land in order to retire.

So sometimes I think this is slightly an illusion.

That comes from not having like a specific retirement account that exists, but I do think this financial concern regarding retirement is something that really needs to be addressed as we talk about.

Okay, if I have someone coming back in the business and I need to step back.

What am I going to do in those sunset ears?

And frankly, how am I going to afford to live?

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

There is much more to cover on this topic of sunset planning for farmers and ranchers?

Stay tuned to future programs where Jessica talks about retirement planning that makes sense for both the retiring owner and the profitability of the future owner of the farm.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills, Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media, and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

There is a saying “take half and leave half” with regard to grazing. However, with the weather events this past year, some producers are concerned about long-term overgrazing since this can reduce grass production and profits for years.  Overgrazing often leads to higher feed costs, lower carrying capacity, and more expensive pasture recovery over time.

Lower forage production means fewer grazing days. In this case, producers may have to purchase hay or supplemental feed earlier than planned and reduce or lower stocking rates in future years. It can also cause weeds; pest invasion; soil erosion; additional management costs; and delay pasture recovery for years to regain original grazing capacity.  

For example, if overgrazing reduces forage production by 20%, on a 100-acre pasture producing two tons of forage per acre; the range loses equivalent to 40 tons of forage.   Replacing that forage with purchased hay can quickly add thousands of dollars in feed costs.

The best option to avoid overgrazing is to be proactive. Some things producers can do are rotate livestock before plants are grazed too short; monitor forage availability throughout the season; adjust stocking rates during the season; and increase the rest period between grazing and when livestock are returned to the pasture.

The cheapest forage you will feed is the grass already growing in your pasture. Protecting that resource through proper grazing management can improve profitability today and preserve productivity for years to come.

For today’s pasture and forage minute I am Nebraska Extension Agricultural Economics Educator Shannon Sand

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Transferring your farm operation onto the next generation can be quite tricky, and full of potential long term issues.

Nebraska extension ag economist, Anastasia Meyer says, coming up with a solid plan right now, is the best way forward, and will solidify your wishes, as your farm will be taken care of after you retire or pass away.

[Anastacia Meyer, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]

Let's talk about succession planning, right?

What does this look like?

What is succession planning?

Well, succession planning is how do you transfer your business onto the next generation, right?

So we break this down into 3 different areas.

We have labor, we have management, and we have ownership.

The owners are typically willing to give up the labor the first.

It's the easiest thing to do, especially if, you know, they're feeling it in their bones and they can't physically do this stuff anymore.

So labor is often the easiest.

But we have to remember that no farmer ranch air or non-air that is coming back to the farm wants to just be a laborer their whole life.

That's usually when we're seeing disagreements among family that they want to start making those decisions.

And so how do I work them into the next tier, the management tier?

This key part, the middle part is the biggest key to success.

How are you training them to manage the farmer ranch before you transfer it?

Start inviting them to the bank meetings, to the insurance meetings.

Start training them on.

How do you make these decisions, right?

Start them all small when maybe we're talking about 10s of 1000s of dollars in decisions, whether it's buying bowls or seed selection.

Before you pass away and now they have ownership.

And they're making 100s of 1000s dollars decisions, right?

So this management is what we really need to focus on in a transition plan and how do we train the next generation to take over management?

It's overwhelming.

When landowners pass on, the heir is inherit and they've had no management experience.

This is often overwhelming and this kind of decides when some people aren't going to sell their ground because they can't manage it.

So, that, before we go into ownership, let's focus on the management aspect.

So like I said, invite them.

Invite those to them to those meetings.

Answer those questions of, well, why did you do this?

Why did we do this?

It's really simple to say, well, that's just because, like, that's just the way it is, right?

We don't want to always explain ourselves.

But if we're passing on a farmer ranch, we have to be able to say why we are making these decisions and how they affect the farmer ranch operation overall.

Again, we talked about death, disability, divorce, bankruptcy, but, you know, those could happen tomorrow, they could happen 10, 20 years from now.

So let's set, let's start these management processing and training now in case something does happen.

And then also tell them what structures or agreements do we have in place?

So if they're coming back, you need to have a position description for them.

But what is your operation agreements look like?

Are you in an LLC entity agreements?

What, where are your leases at?

What do your leases say?

Are there any buy sale trade agreements?

It is amazing when you work through it, through families, farms, or ranches when, you know, they thought that they owned the ground that was around them, but maybe they just owned the house and that the LLC or something else on the ground that the house sat on.

So those small nuances of farms in every farm has those nuances.

Make sure that you're training the next generation to take them over.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Today's program was a portion taken from a recent farmcast podcast offered by UNL Center for Ag Profitability.

To hear the entire program, as well as a five-part series on transition and succession, go to cap.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts or Spotify.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IE&R Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here's today's pasture and forage minute:

Summer rain can turn a smooth brome pasture from brown to green, but it cannot replace spring forage production that was missed.

Common in eastern Nebraska pastures, smooth bromegrass is a cool-season grass that makes much of its growth during April, May, and early June. Many pastures entered spring stressed from a dry fall and winter, then missed timely spring moisture. Much of their main production window may already be gone.

Late rain can still stimulate new leaves, but that growth may be more valuable for plant recovery than additional grazing. New brome regrowth is highly palatable and can be grazed off quickly, especially when cattle have immediate access after rain.

Walk pastures rather than judging them from the road. Look beyond green color and seedheads. Check plant height, leaf area, residual forage, bare ground, and whether cattle repeatedly graze the same areas.

Where forage remains short, slow rotations, increase recovery time, reduce grazing pressure, or locate additional feed. Early weaning or marketing lower-priority animals may be needed if the forage budget remains short.

The goal is not to harvest every green leaf. Maintaining leaf area now gives stressed brome plants a better chance to rebuild vigor this fall and produce forage next spring.

With today’s Pasture & Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Healthy soil start with knowing exactly what's happening below the surface.

The UNL soil health team is hosting a soil health assessment training workshop coming up Thursday, August 20th at the Rogers Memorial Farm in Lincoln.

Program coordinator, Miranda Mueller, talks about what attendees will experience at the workshop.

[Miranda Mueller, UNL Soil Health Program Coordinator]

Yeah, so this training will serve as a general starting point for folks that are interested in serving as qualified individuals for NRCS CMA 216s.

Um, and so, at the training, we'll cover, we'll have NRCS professionals come in and cover CMA 216 background information, kind of the requirements for the soil tests, needed, and then like the labs that those can be sent off to, and then RUNL staff will go over soil sample plan design, uh, using the shape app, conducting on-site soil health assessments, and soil sampling using CMA 216, And technical note 450 guidelines.

We'll go over recording and organizing field data, preparing soil samples for lab analysis, calculating and interpreting soil health indicators, and connecting them with field observations, and then applying these results to inform conservation planning and management decisions.

So a portion of this day will be kind of in the classroom listening lecture style to the background on SEMA 216 and some of the, um, of the sampling details, but will also get out in the field and actually complete a soil sample.

So we'll go out, find a location and go over the proper sampling techniques.

So, SEMA 216 is a conservation evaluation and monitoring activity, as deemed by the NRCS.

It's something that landowners can apply for where they get funds from NRCS to put certain practices into place on their operation.

And then along with the CEMA 216 is it's a requirement to have a QI or a qualified individual, to collect soil samples at the beginning before any conservation changes are made.

And then um, afterwards.

So at the end, to kind of see how soils are changed over time.

Um, this is, I guess, kind of a starting point for QIs, like I said, um, there's a lot of confusion around QIs, you know, who can be qualified, um, and kind of what their role is as part of the CMA 216 process.

And so coming to the event for people who maybe want updated or additional training, they can come and get the latest and greatest up to date information on soil testing here in Nebraska using NRCS guidelines.

And so it can kind of serve as a way for them to get fully up to date and confident that they'll be able to go out to landowners who have seen on 216s and be able to properly test their soil, know what to test for and where to send it as well.

So, again, this training is August 20th at Rogers Memorial Farm in Lincoln, Nebraska, from 9 AM to 2 PM.

To register, you can go to go.unl.edu slash soil health and Crop Watch has an article with more detailed information.

The training is free, but is limited to 25 participants, and you will also get a soil health kit to take home with you valued at $100 if you attend.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Once again, the 2026 Soil Health Assessment training workshop will be held August 20th at the Rogers Memorial Farm in Lincoln.

Registration is free, and those interested are encouraged to registered by August 10th.

Attendance is limited to 25 participants.

To register, go to go.unl.edu slash soilhealth or crapwatch.unl.edu.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IE&R Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Before a farming operation can move on to the next generation, families have to answer some difficult but necessary questions.

On today's program, extension agaconomist Anastasia Meyer talks about farm families, business operations, transition plans, and how clear communication can help avoid any unnecessary problems in the future.

[Anastasia Meyer, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]

First thing that we need to think about is the business planning, right?

We said that this was the 1st step.

And really, the biggest question that we need to ask ourselves for business planning is the hard question of is this viable.

Is this farmer ranch viable to succeed onto the next generation, if it is bleeding money right now and cannot cash flow?

Should you be looking at different avenues or if you're just getting by?

Can you bring in another family unit to support on the farmer ranch alone?

What does that look like for you?

This is a hard question to ask in a lot of times, we don't share our financials with the other generations.

And so we have to be willing to talk about this.

If somebody is returning to the farmer ranch, we have to be willing to talk about how are we paying them?

We should have some documentation, what does that look like?

How much are they getting paid?

What are those benefits that they might be getting?

And what exactly are they responsible for?

And then really, what's the future for the operation?

Is there room for expansion?

Are you in an area that is super ultra competitive and is not really room to grow?

Or is that available there?

Can they branch out into different niche markets?

And then also, what is the debt associated with the business?

When I talk to different people, especially heirs, they don't ever think about the debt and they don't know about the debt that a farmer ranch might have.

But remember, you are passing on assets and debt when you're going to have a transition plan.

So it's something that we need to think about when we're having this plan.

And then we need to be thinking about family business meetings.

You can't have a good family business without trust.

So you have to build your trust and you have to practice a good communication to maintain the trust or build the trust.

When you're having these family business meetings on.

What does this transition plan look like?

You really need to decide of who are you inviting to this meeting.

Really, it's a golden rules, right?

Whoever own is the owner of the farmer ranch gets to make the rules and invite who they want.

My rule of thumb is invite everybody.

Invite the on farm air.

Invite the off foreign heirs.

Invite the in-laws, the outlaws, invite the children or grandchildren.

If they have a stake in that farmer ranch, invite them.

A lot of times we're asked, do we invite the in-laws?

I think that the in-laws can offer a unique perspective, right?

Because if I'm thinking about this 80 here, I might have one recollection where my spouse might have another, right?

Is there emotional attachment tied there or are you thinking in a different mindset?

I think that if, if they are signing loan documents, they need to be at the table, though.

Who gets to speak during these meetings?

I think, you know, you need to set this meetings up with, Are you gathering ideas or just making decisions?

Who gets to speak?

Well, that's up to you as well, right?

But, Who also is making the decision?

Is that the owners are you going to let everybody have a vote?

I think this is probably going to come down to how is your ground currently owned?

Do you have LLCs?

Do you have trust?

What does that look like?

Are you allowing people to vote?

And is it majority or unanimous?

Do only siblings, heirs, get voting privileges, have these discussions before you start these family business meetings.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Today's program was part 2 of UNL Center for Ag Profitabilities podcast series on Farm Transitions.

You can hear this program in its entirety and the entire series by going to CAP.

UNL.edu for Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here's today's pasture and forage minute:

When it gets hot, alfalfa plants grow more slowly and moisture stress becomes common, even in moist soil.  Maintaining high-quality hay is very difficult due to the high temperatures, especially when the heat does not subside at night.  High night-time temperatures cause rapid respiration rates in alfalfa, burning off nutrients that plants accumulated during the day.  This often produces alfalfa hay with fine stems that contain high protein, more fiber and lower feed value than expected.

Another problem with heat, is how fast alfalfa plants mature.  When it is hot, alfalfa may begin to bloom in less than four weeks.  If you use blooming as a signal to harvest, this early bloom can be misleading. Early blooms may not mean the plant has fully recovered from the previous cutting.  During hot weather an alfalfa plants need more time, not less time to rebuild nutrient reserves in their roots because they lose more to respiration.  So, watch the calendar along with plant maturity to determine when to cut your alfalfa fields.  Waiting longer may support stand health, but forage quality will continue to decline as the crop matures.

Finally, you might adjust the time of day when you cut hay.  Some research has shown that cutting in late afternoon produces higher quality hay than cutting in the morning.  However, on good drying days it may still be wiser to cut in the morning.  When hay in the windrow stays above fifty percent moisture, plant cells continue to respire, burning away nutrients. Hay cut late in the day respires all night long, losing yield and quality. On good drying days, plant cells can dry enough to be stabilized before nightfall, reducing respiration losses.   

Getting high quality hay can be challenging on a good day, but during heat waves, it can be even more so.  Use the calendar, plant condition, and drying forecast together to plan harvest for better results than relying on bloom or time of day alone.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Calving windows and estrus synchronization are key elements to herd management.

On today's almanac, extension cow calf specialist, Casey McCarthy talks about the tools and strategies available for producers to effectively manage synchronization.

[Kacie McCarthy, Nebraska Extension Cow/Calf Specialist]

Yes, I think the one thing we need to think about is understanding how we handle our hormones, what we need to do with them, understanding the cycle, right?

Because we can use these to our advantage when we're thinking about maybe some of our late cows and late cavers that are still on an estris and are there opportunities to jumpstart those females?

Are we working right with those yearling heifers?

And maybe we can select, uh, particular products that are going to help us, suppress estras, and get those female cycling or jump started.

So when we think about these different protocols, right, we've got a general 21 day cycle, and then how do we then start to manipulate that cycle to be able to utilize artificial insemination?

Maybe that's a natural breeding service and using our bull power to get these females bred.

Or, you know, maybe we're trying to do some heat detection or used sex semen.

There's a lot of different protocols that are available that can help us manipulate those cycles and provide opportunities, right, to tighten that breeding window, bring a larger proportion of females into estras. At a designated time point.

When you think about a typical protocol, we're thinking about the timing of these in relation to the sequence of synchronizing females.

So we might have a prostaglandin that's going to regress a corpus ludium which allows cows to return to estris.

This is usually administered between day 6 and 16 of a cycle.

So it does not induce cyclicity in those non-cycling postpartum females.

But it is an opportunity to target these other females that have a CL present.

And so then we start to think about the next steps within those protocols, with the ganatotrop and releasing hormone, that's going to trigger ovulation, synchronize those follicular waves.

It can actually potentially induce those anestris females that are close to cycling, but these cattle need to have, right?

A large, healthy follicle present to be able to help induce that ovulation approximately 24 to 30 hours after that GRH injection.

And so we can start to use that and then think about some of our timed AI protocols, ways we can manipulate that.

Then you've got some other products like progesterone-based products, right, that are going to mimic the ludial phase, which is going to suppress estris until a withdrawal.

And so that can induce estris in those anestris females again.

And so kind of jumpstart them.

So that's going to be right like your cedar, which is that controlled internal drug release, that T shaped device that's going to release that constant dose of progesterone.

And then he's usually used right in those five, six, 7 or 14 day protocols.

Then you have your MGA product, right?

Your millingesterol acetate product that's orally ingested in heifers, right?

It's going to suppress estris, usually fed at .5 milligrams a day, right, for about 14 days.

And then you're going to inject them with a prostically landed shot 19 days later.

And all of these protocols can be found.

Um, there's a group that work on these protocols at beefrepro.org uh, and work through all of the timing of these products.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Today's program was a portion of an interview taken from a recent Beefwatch podcast offered by Nebraska Extension.

To hear the entire interview, go to beef.UNL.edu or download from Apple Podcasts for Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu. 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Seeing mushrooms pop up in your home landscape is a common occurrence.

Mushrooms of all types can appear in turf areas, landscape beds, mulched areas, and around the base of trees.

Nebraska extension plant diagnostician, Kyle Broderick, explains there are a few key characteristics of the different types of mushrooms.

[Kyle Broderick, Nebraska Extension Plant Diagnostician]

And a common question is, can I eat it?

Kyle says never consume any mushroom.

You aren't 100% sure of, and always err on the side of caution.

Everybody wants to know what kind of mushroom is it?

And can I eat it?

First thing we'd first never eat a mushroom unless you know 100% what it is.

There are too many look alikes out there, and it's just not worth the risk, too, consuming mushroom and possibly get sick.

But if you are wanting to identify some mushrooms, just out of curiosity, and to see what exactly is there, there are a few things that we really need to look at.

And so, one of the really important things we want to look at is not only the top part of the mushroom, but we also want to see what is the underside of that cap look like.

Do we have gills on the underside of that cap?

If we have gills, we can be thinking that it's a type of agaric mushroom, or maybe one of our, one of our rusulas, one of our little brown mushrooms.

Or on the underside of that cap, are we seeing something else?

Maybe it looks like a bunch of little holes, little pores.

Those little pores that we see are serve the same function as gills, but if we look at the bottom of a cap of a mushroom, and we see pores, there we're looking at one of our most likely one of our bowl eats.

And so that's a great way to differentiate your mushrooms, if the top, if the underside of the cap has pores, in general, they're going to be a bully.

If they have gills, they're not going to be a bowl eat.

And now, some of the other things that we always want to look for is, also, what does the top of that cap look like?

Or is there any color change that we're seeing?

But also, we want to look at the stem or the stipe of that mushroom.

And because different features along that stiper, that stem, certainly can give you some better indications of what, exactly, what type of mushroom we are truly looking at.

There's a lot of great, great fun mushrooms that are popping up.

They have so many different methods of spore dispersal.

Right now, especially with this heat coming in, we're gonna see a lot of our inky cat mushrooms, start kind of turning black and gooey and just dropping black gunk.

And that black dunk will be filled with spores, and flies will disperse it.

Really very similar, as we see with our, with a lot of our stinkhorn mushrooms.

And now, the bowl eats that I talked about, that have the big fleshy caps, with pores on the underside.

Typically, they will be dropping spores just right out of those little pores, out of those little holes.

So another way that we can also use this to identify, which mushroom we're looking at, is you can take the top of that cap and just tap it onto some white paper, and then you'll be able to see what color of spore print are we really looking at?

And so, if we were able to get a good picture of the top part of the mushroom, the underside of the cap, and then also the stem or the stipe, and especially, if you do have the time to get a spore print, that gives us almost all of the information that we would need to correctly and accurately identify what type of mushroom you are looking at.

As long as there is a food supply in the right conditions, mushrooms and molds are going to be a common sight in your home landscape.

Most of the time, they're doing an important job of breaking down organic matter and don't cause much harm.

They can also be a key indicator for decay, especially in trees.

[Brad Mills, Program Hosed]

And as Kyle said, don't eat anything you aren't certain of.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here's today's pasture and forage minute:

Yucca, also called small soapweed, is a common weed in western and central Nebraska rangelands. They are especially noticeable when flowering in June. In some areas, high plant density can significantly reduce grass production; so, yucca may need to be managed to reclaim grazing lands. 

Once established, yucca plants can flourish on drier range sites due to their deep taproot competing aggressively for the limited soil water. With sharp leaves, cattle rarely eat these plants during summer; and grass production decreases where yucca thrives. 

General broadcast spraying to control yucca is cost prohibitive; although small patches can and should be controlled before they expand. Labelled herbicides include Remedy®, Tordon 22K®, Chaparral + 2,4-D, OR Cimarron Plus® + 2,4-D for yucca suppression of individual plants. 

Hexazinone products like Velpar L®; Pronone Power Pellet, or Velossa® can be applied to the soil uphill side of individual yucca plants with an exact delivery hand-gun applicator. Herbicides are most effective when applied in spring or early summer. When using herbicides, be sure to follow label directions for the best control. 

Winter grazing with cattle and bison can provide some yucca control success. During winter, yucca is often the only green plant prevalent, and some cows may chew through the base of the plant to get to the moist, tender parts. After several consecutive winters of grazing, yucca stands can be reduced, allowing grass to thrive during summer. 

Whether it is with herbicides or trying some winter grazing, reclaim your pasture(s) back from yucca. 

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Crops & Water Educator, Samantha Daniel.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Most gardeners are beginning to harvest their produce this time of year.

Tomatoes, peppers, onions, and many other garden vegetables are ripening up, which means another important part of gardening is about to begin.

Nebraska extension educator Elizabeth Ekstrom says now is a great time to start a fall garden.

She says when you're harvesting, you can start clearing those finished plants out to make room for another planting that will give you a 2nd crop later this fall.

[Elizabeth Exstrom, Nebraska Extension Educator]

It's a great way to extend your gardening season and reuse that garden space.

One of the more common gardening times of the year is gonna be fall gardening.

Now, it's a time of year that a lot of people forget they can actually be planting crops for later in the season.

We're nearing the peak of the summer season when it comes to vegetable gardening, and right now, we're gonna have some empty spots out in our garden.

Now, as a perfect time to go ahead and intercede with some other cool season crops or with some other crops that we want to grow in our garden.

When we talk about fall gardening, we need to make sure that we check on the seed packet to see what the days till harvest is.

Then we add 14 days to that day's till harvest, and depending on if it's a tender crop or it's a hearty crop, then we would add more time to it.

So if it's a tender crop that doesn't like frost, we're gonna add 14 more days to that day's till harvest.

If it's a hearty crop, let's say one of the cool season crops that can handle that light frost like kale, then we would just go with the straight 14 days, added onto that.

So it really makes a difference.

We need to read the backs of the labels to see what our days till harvest are, and then add that buffer to it.

In Western Nebraska, you're gonna bump your frost date up sooner into October.

And so it really depends on what part of the state you're living in, what that average frost date is.

It'll make a big difference if we're doing those tender crops versus those a little bit hardier crops that can handle that light frost.

When we take a look at fall gardening, we also need to determine how deep we need to plant the seeds.

That's also on the back of the package.

And because we are looking at warmer temperatures.

We might want to plant those seeds just a little deeper than we normally would or what's recommended on the package.

Because we're in the heat of the summer, we also need to make sure that we provide that supplemental water.

And we need to do very light waterings to make sure that that soil stays moist, so those seeds can break through.

We want to make sure that we avoid that crust, forming on top of that soil surface.

Otherwise, those seeds are gonna have a tough time germinating up through that.

There's a lot of different crops that we can do fall gardening with.

We can do our green beans.

We can do our leafy greens, like our lettuce and our spinach and our kale.

If you have the transplants available, we can also do our cool season crops, like our broccoli and our cauliflower.

So it really depends on what you want in your garden, what you're going to be planning this time of the year.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Planting a fall garden is a good habit to get into.

It makes your garden space much more efficient, and in a lot of cases, you'll avoid some of those problems that typically cause issues during spring planting, like cold weather, insect, and disease infestations.

Just make sure you take Elizabeth's advice and check the back of the seed packages very carefully and do a little math on the calendar to ensure you'll have mature plants before the prostate in your area.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

As we move through midsummer, it’s time to evaluate our forage situation. Depending on your location, meadow hay harvest might be starting, you could be on your second cutting of alfalfa, or preparing to cut warm-season annual crops soon.

Now is a great time to assess your forage inventory. Most perennial grasses have completed their growth, and multiple alfalfa cuttings should be done. Even if not all meadow hay and summer annuals are harvested, we can estimate our total yield for the year.

Ask yourself: Does our current yield meet our winter feed needs? If not, consider options like late planting of summer annuals or fall forages like oats for grazing. Be cautious with planning fall hay harvests however, due to drying challenges.

If you have excess hay, plan on how to manage it. For selling or storing, prevent quality loss by keeping hay dry. Store it under a roof or tarp if possible, elevate it from the ground, line bales with the topography and sun, and ensure good airflow around bales to maintain quality.

Finally, if you haven’t done so, send in hay samples for quality testing. Hay quality varies year-to-year, even from the same field. Testing helps us match hay to livestock needs or set appropriate selling prices.

Assessing forage stores now, while plants are still growing and hay is being harvested, helps close forage gaps, manage surplus, and ensure quality use later.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

UNL's Goodmanson Sandhill Lab will host its annual open house on August 19th near Whitman.

The event is open to cattle producers or other ag professionals, interested in the latest beef industry research findings.

Extension beef educator T.L. Meyer begins today's program by talking about the history of the ranch and what its mission is.

[T.L. Meyer, Nebraska Extension Educator]

All right, goodness to Sandhills Laboratory.

It's a 13,000 acre plus ranch in the heart of the sandhills that lays right over where Cherry, Grant and Hooker County come together.

It was donated back in the 80s to the University of Nebraska Foundation, and then UNL leases it, and they do, uh, the focus is on cow calf systems research, uh, wildlife research, range land research.

Anything you can think of.

Um, it's probably been research at Goodmanson.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

TL talks about what attendees can expect by visiting the ranch during the open house.

[T.L. Meyer, Nebraska Extension Educator]

We feel like this is a great way to showcase what's going on at Goodmanson, uh, to showcase the research, uh, maybe showcase some of that research that's been taken to the extension level and used uh, on local ranches. 2026 has been especially tough for that part of the state.

And we kind of want to talk on that too.

Goodmanson's currently facing some of the worst drought at scene.

And so we want to talk about not only drought, but unfortunately, the wildfire recovery as well, just there's a lot of challenges in our area out there this year.

And so we're also probably going to talk about that this year.

We will probably have a market update and a weather outlook with Eric, which we really appreciate him coming out to do.

A highlight we started a few years ago was adding interactive sessions, and this is just where we kind of open up the area for about an hour and a half .

We have different topics at different areas around the facility there at the wagon hammer.

People can come and go, interact, ask questions, get that one on one interaction with our specialists on a wide range of topics.

Anything from fly control to virtual fencing to weather, to getting your cows pregnant.

Another thing is we like to do.

We end the day now with research updates and we do just short little blurbs about the research going on at Goodmanson.

And then we bring all those presenters back, and we do what we call a bullpen session, which are kind of well known at the range beef cow symposiums, but we allow the audience to ask any and all questions of the presenters, and we kind of go till that that ends, and then we wrap up for the day.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

The government's ranch is a research facility.

And TL says the lab has researched many key issues during its history.

[T.L. Meyer, Nebraska Extension Educator]

We like to think the research taking place at Goodmanson is very applicable to other sandhills ranches and even beyond the sandhills.

We've done some groundbreaking research in cabin date work that started back in the 90s that continues on.

Goodmanson is, um, they have a March cabin herd and a make having herd, so we're constantly comparing that whole system, whether it be developing heifers or feeding out the stair progeny.

We think what we do at Goodmanson is applicable in the real world.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Once again, the 2026 Goodmanson Sandhill lab open house is coming up August 19th near Whitman.

To register for the event.

Go to go.unl.edu/openhouse.

That's go.unl.edu/Openhouse.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

A growing concern in our state is nitrates increasingly showing up in our water supply.

UNL Assistant Professor Krista Brown talks about these concerns and mitigation efforts to decrease the risk.

She says there are many health risks with increased levels of nitrates and talks about the university's role in raising awareness.

[Krista Brown, UNL Assistant Professor]

What I would want people to know about nitrate and human health effects is that, um, in addition to several other contaminants that can get into our water sources, um, in Nebraska, nitrate is an issue that we are concerned with and that, um, could have, uh, a myriad of negative health effects that it could cause.

Currently, the evidence shows that a lot of those conditions relate to cancer, so whether adult or pediatric.

They can also cause things like blue baby syndrome, also known as methemoglobinemia, as well as more non-severe symptoms, just general discomfort, abdominal cramps.

And then things like Alzheimer's and thyroid conditions.

So I think it's really important that people are aware and testing their water, that if you are in an area with high levels of nitrate, or you're concerned, you might have bought a new home, that you do get those tests, that you need.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Christa encourages farmers to frequently test their wealth for nitrate levels.

And some of the resources available to help with that process.

[Krista Brown, UNL Assistant Professor]

Oh, um, if your well does come back, hi, with nitrate, um, there are systems that you can uh, install such as RO filters.

Um, it is important that you continue to test um, at least every year.

But there are also people in your community who can help you, including the NRDs, your local public health workers, there there to help, and provide additional resources, get you in touch with testing options, and some of those mitigation options as well.

The natural resource district employees, though.

So those are the folks that work and live in our communities here in Nebraska, that they are all about water, soil, public health, and they're there to help.

So you can find their information by just Googling your county and NRD.

You can also go to UNL's websites, UNL, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, has an extension office.

They have a ton of great resources and information about how to test your well, when to test your well, when to contact, and then how to get a hold of some of those additional mitigation effects.

Yes.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

As Christa said, there are several resources for producers that will help with testing.

For the most part, your local natural resources district office offers free testing in their labs.

In some cases, help with mitigating high nitrate levels are also available.

Accredited labs across the state can be found by visiting the Nebraska public health environmental labs website.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here's today's pasture and forage minute:

Late rains have improved the appearance of native range across parts of Nebraska, but green is not always the same as growth.

Mid-June clipping data from the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory showed cool-season forage production at only about 20% of normal, with total forage production at roughly 30% of normal. While that is one location and conditions vary across the state, it illustrates how far behind some pastures were heading into summer.

While cool season production can be significant, native range often contains a large amount of warm-season grasses, especially as we head east across the state. These plants make much of their growth during the heat of summer, so late-June and July rain can still produce meaningful forage.

However, that response is not automatic. Growth depends on how much rain falls, whether moisture continues, and how much plant vigor remains. With cool-season production already reduced, grazing pressure may also shift heavily toward warm-season grasses as they begin growing.

Do not estimate available forage from the road. Walk pastures and look at plant height, leaf area, residual forage, bare ground, and how evenly cattle are grazing.

Late moisture gives native range an opportunity, but it does not erase the earlier forage deficit. Protecting leaf area and allowing adequate recovery will help plants use the next rain and rebuild vigor heading into fall.

With today’s Pasture & Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Part of every farm's operation mission is to conserve their land for future generations and the continued success of their agricultural business.

Also part of that mission is wildlife conservation strategies.

Extension specialist Andy Little runs the applied wildlife ecology and spatial movement lab, or awesome lab, which focuses on helping landowners conserve wildlife habitat that can greatly benefit their agricultural operation.

He talks about why that is so integral to a farm success.

[Andy Little, Nebraska Extension Specialist]

Historically, you know, what we would see, you know, we kind of go back in like the 50s and 60s, when I talk to landowners around Nebraska, they remember, hey, I could go back in the back 40, my property and hunt quail, pheasants, a lot of other game, and now I'm not seeing those game species like I used to, or non-game.

So, uh, meadowlarks, other grass and birds, like dickcissel that are seen declines.

Um, and basically what landowners are saying is, hey, are there ways that we can kind of get back to some of those times where I had more wildlife in my land out in my farm, my operation.

And that's where prairie strips and many other conservation practices out there can help with that so that you can basically balance production and also have those areas where you can have wildlife species.

But also not only, you know, improving wildlife populations is also addressing soil, erosion issues, the water quality and quantity issues.

So if you have areas where your field, where maybe you're lower yielding, they can be targeted for some conservation practices to help benefit your whole operation.

One of the things that we're working in the awesome lab on is the idea of stackable enterprises.

So you kind of think of like your financial portfolio, you usually don't put all your money in one or 2 stocks.

You actually have diversified funding streams.

And so conservation can be one of those funding streams, but really, the sky's the limit on people's creativity.

So we're starting and looking at some additional stackable enterprises at the moment.

One of those is, you know, grazing.

Just a simple thing.

You can have a row crop system where you're managing, but you're bringing grazing that cattle component into your operation.

But also looking at it from maybe a managed access or basically open fields and waters program.

I know Game of Parks has right now in Nebraska, where you can basically get paid to put your land in to basically access for people to come and recreate there.

And so the point is, is being able to take and target areas of your operation where maybe you're just not making the most amount of money off of that operation that you hope.

And so can we actually take and strategically target that?

Basically, every acre has a role, whether that's production or conservation in the land, and so that helps you optimize your overall profitability beyond maybe what you've had seen in the past.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

The growing human population is obviously a great concern for the ag industry, helping feed people is obviously the number one concern of agriculture.

Andy talks about how his lab and research efforts are supporting that issue.

[Andy Little, Nebraska Extension Specialist]

I'm looking at it as, hey, instead of kind of just focusing on a smaller issue, let's take him, let's try to address this big challenge of how can we creatively address the lack of habitat, but doing it in a way that's sustainable for our farmers and ranchers.

Ultimately, that's going to come down to kind of two really key pathways.

One is addressing risks.

So obviously, if I'm losing money on my operation by putting a certain practice or whatever that really is, I can't be losing money.

And so, ultimately, if we, from the stackable enterprise side, find ways to optimize those revenues so you can actually make more money on your operation, now you're diversifying your financial portfolio, diversifying your operation.

And it doesn't have to be extreme.

It can be small areas where you can just target and test out.

And then, two, is being able to create those kind of pathways, and that's where our lab is also working in that arena, being able to have some simple stackable enterprises on your operation.

And then let's walk through a couple of case examples, so we can actually have the tools and the programs that help you be successful adopting them on your operation.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

UNL Center for Ag Profitability’s Farmcast podcast is producing a five-part series on Farm Secession, and the planning that needs to go into that.

On today's program, Nebraska extension ag economist Anastasia Meyer talks about where to get started.

She says it might seem to be a daunting task at first.

But necessary.

[Anastacia Meyer, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]

You'll hear us say transition plans.

You'll often hear the word succession plan being thrown about too in other circles.

And we like to use the word transition plan because we think a transition plan is really the ideal thing.

It's a gradual and carefully thought-out plan and how to shift your farmer ranch to the next generation or the new owners if they're not related.

It's going to include the timelines of when does when is this going to happen?

What exactly is going to happen?

What are those milestones that you are looking for?

It's not a one day process.

This is probably going to take a minimum of 3 to 5 years.

So we need to be thinking about this long term and be able to adjust this.

This is a never ending process.

Most importantly, are those written agreements?

It's not real unless it's in writing and that's really because a lot of families have good intentions, but without those written agreements.

It's just empty promises.

And we always just think about death for succession plan, but really, we need to be thinking about disability, divorce, bankruptcies, disagreements in the family.

Do you want to retire?

We can adjust our transition plan when the good things in life happens too.

By starting this, theoretically or hopefully we can get that plan started that we can make those minor adjustments and we can see how the cash flow demands are and how we incorporate somebody else into the operation.

So, it's often a balancing act, right?

We have the owners.

You'll hear us say the golden rule of estate planning is whoever owns the gold gets to make the rules, and these are their concerns, right?

They don't want to be pushed out.

You have spent your life building up or maintaining this farmer ranch.

You like to be in control.

You don't want to be pushed out.

They don't want to talk about death or disability.

Thinking about your own demise is really hard and that's why, you know, this is a big fear for everybody.

The owners are afraid that the operation won't fail.

They might not be financially stable enough to retire and you'll hear us talk about a lot in different presentations, asset rich and cash for.

They might not simply have the cash to retire or step back and start this transition plan and they want the kids to get along.

The heirs who are returning to the operation, they don't want to just be the laborer.

They want a clear plan with outlines and deadlines and what exactly does that look for them?

They want to minimize their risk.

They want financial independence and they don't want to be at the mercy of their other siblings, whether they are on the farm or off the farm.

They want to have some steak in this transition plan and operation.

So, 1st thing that we need to do and getting started is recognize who is on your team.

Have, do you have anybody that is working with you on this transition plan?

Do you have a lawyer yet?

There are many lawyers who work with estate planning?

I personally recommend somebody that you find who focuses on agricultural estate planning because your farm is a lifestyle in a business and, you know, that's something that if you're not really familiar with, it's hard to understand.

Do you have a tax professional, do you have a banker, a financial planner?

Do you need to look at a foreign manager?

All of these different people can be on your team to have a really good transition plan.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Stay tuned to future programs where Anastasia talks about the importance of family communication during this process.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here's today's pasture and forage minute:

What does it cost to rent pasture this year? The final 2026 Nebraska Cash Rental Rates Survey results are now available.

Average monthly pasture rental rates increased between 2% and 8% compared to last grazing season, continuing the upward trend across Nebraska.

The North reporting district, primarily the Sandhills, reported the highest average rate at $82.10 per cow-calf pair per month. The Northeast and Central districts followed at $77.35 and $74.60, while the Northwest district, including much of the Panhandle, had the lowest average at $56.45 per pair per month. Most other areas of the state averaged between $61 and $70 per pair each month.

Keep in mind these are averages. Actual rental rates depend on factors such as pasture quality, fences and water, management responsibilities, cattle size, and local demand.

Whether you're renting pasture or leasing it to someone else, a written lease is one of the best risk management tools available. Be sure it clearly outlines the stocking rate or number of cattle, grazing period, payment terms, and how unexpected events like drought will be handled.

To view the complete 2026 Nebraska Cash Rental Rates Survey, visit the Center for Agricultural Profitability website.

For today’s pasture and forage minute I am Nebraska Extension Agricultural Economist Shannon Sand

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Historic fires this past spring in Western Nebraska have slowly been making a recovery in range land and past years.

Four major fires destroyed over 800,000 acres of Sandhill property.

On past almanac programs, we've discussed how these fires have become more frequent due to drier conditions out west in the fall and winter months.

On today's almanac, Nebraska extension educator, Gary Stone, talks about what happened and how Rangeland Prairie grasses and plants are making a comeback.

He begins the interview by recapping what happened this past March.

[Gary Stone, Nebraska Extension Educator]

Okay, so from mid late March, uh, we had what we call the moral fire, predominantly in Garden County.

It covered over 640,000 acres.

It was pretty bad, burned a lot of the prairie, grass to where nothing was left, but just the sand hills.

So the damage was pretty extensive.

Some fences were lost.

Some water sources were covered, so, yes, and some livestock was lost also.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Gary talks about a possible timeline when this range lands might recover.

He says, despite drought conditions in the sand hills and low precipitation, prairie plants have shown some resilience.

[Gary Stone, Nebraska Extension Educator]

Okay, so the recovery has already started.

They've had some fairly decent rains in spite of the drought that we've had, the grass is starting to come back very well. Things are starting to green up.

The native plants are showing a real good job of being able to bounce back with such a fire that took place.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Gary says Mother Nature has a way to make things come back in unexpected ways.

He says there isn't much we can do to accelerate that process.

[Gary Stone, Nebraska Extension Educator]

So for now, mostly it's just a wait and see issue.

So from where I see it, this is something that Mother Nature has to do for us.

The sandhills are such a sensitive area, they are sandhills for that reason, of pure sand.

So the native grasses, Forbes, and everything, just need time to come back, get some decent moisture, and they should spring back.

And hopefully, this time next year, things will bounce back, look like they used to be.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

As previously mentioned, severe drought conditions out West haven't really helped in the recovery process.

Gary says, despite all that, range lands and pasture have already started to green up.

But there isn't really any way to put a timeline on when things will be back to normal.

[Gary Stone, Nebraska Extension Educator]

Uh, in uh, places, the rain, uh, if it's been uh, uh, uh, down, gullet washer, yes, it has washed, but uh, I've traveled through there a couple of times after the rains, and I don't see that much evidence of it washing.

So things are bouncing back pretty good.

It's just good to see the native grasses come back, see the wildflowers, see the other plants pop back, and, you know, if you just saw it after the fire, you would have thought nothing's ever going to come back, but things look really nice, really green.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Wildfires in Nebraska aren't anything new, and the recovery process will have to rely mostly on Mother Nature.

But as Gary said, it's been surprising that despite low precipitation and a streak of extremely hot weather, the range land is making a comeback.

Stay tuned for future updates on this topic.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IE&R Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here's today's pasture and forage minute:

With summer annual grasses like sorghum-sudan, pearl millet, and forage sorghum coming into their own, getting good hay put up can be a bit of a challenge — especially when you’re dealing with thick stems and drying delays. A few simple steps can go a long way in making sure your hay is both high quality and safe to feed.

First, timing is everything. Cutting before plants become excessively tall, ideally around 4 feet is key. At this stage, stems are thinner, digestibility is higher, and protein and energy levels are better. Smaller stems also mean quicker drying times. You’ll give up some yield on the front end, but early cutting leaves time for regrowth and a second harvest — which can make up for it in the long run.

Next, cut high — around 8 to 10 inches of stubble. That taller stubble does three things: it jumpstarts regrowth, keeps the windrow off the ground to improve airflow under the windrow improving drying, and helps keep nitrates concentrated in the base of the plant instead of your hay bale.

Finally, don’t forget to crimp. Even with smaller stems, the waxy coating on these plants can really slow drying. Crimping helps break open the stems so moisture can get out and dry down more quickly. Even when crimping, set the windrow as wide as possible to speed up dry down even more.

To sum it up: cut early, cut high, and crimp. Your hay will dry faster, be safer, and feed better.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman. 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

In part one of our discussion on summer pneumonia calves, extension specialist Becky Funk talked about how this illness can become a problem when colostrum immunity begins to wane.

On today's program, she focuses on some of the symptoms producers need to be aware of.

[Becky Funk, Nebraska Extension Specialist]

Yeah, I think for, you know, from my perspective, those suckling calves, those calves at side of cow, they're probably the hardest population for us to identify pneumonia in.

So the signs can be quite subtle.

If we're picking up some really severe signs, we're probably pretty late in the progression of disease.

So that's, that's an issue.

But things I'm looking for, you know, we're really just looking for that, that depressed calf, um, that calf that maybe he's not keeping up with the herd, or she's isolating herself somewhere, you know, off in a corner when the rest of the group is up at the tank or the mineral feeder, um, or hanging around when we're checking pastures.

So things that, you know, maybe, maybe you're an issue, maybe not, but we certainly want to take a 2nd look at those cans.

Because that gives us an opportunity to catch them early in the course of disease when we can intervene successfully for them.

Um, so those are kind of the 2 things.

A lot of times producers are going to describe that calf is, oh, just a little off, right?

Maybe not even something we can really describe well or put our finger on, but we look at them and we think, oh, I just don't, don't look quite likely to expect them.

They're not doing quite the things we'd expect.

We may see them.

You know, in the article, I describe inappetence, right?

So, they just don't feel like eating.

Um, and that, that can be harder to assess, but a lot of times it's those calves that were like, maybe they don't have the belly fill that we'd like to see.

Or maybe mom is is, you know, carrying around a full udder.

Doesn't look like she's been nursed.

We want to make sure we look up her calf and see what they look like because that can put them on our radar as a calf that's not feeling well.

A lot of times the pathogens we're worried about are the same ones we're worried about in our feeder calves or our feed lot cattle.

But in these young calves, a lot of times we're looking at a viral component.

And those viral components tend to spike a fever pretty readily.

So it's always a good idea to catch a temperature on those calves.

Just to give yourself an idea of always my question when I talk to clients to producers is, you know, are we chasing the right thing when we're trying to make decisions about what interventions should be?

So if we're catching calves that just aren't feeling well and and we're seeing some some fevers, then that gives me a little more confidence that we're that we're chasing a pneumonia or chasing the right thing.

One of the most important aspects of this issue is having a good relationship with your veterinarian.

And Becky talks about when producers should bring this problem to their attention.

So it's important to talk to somebody who knows what's going on.

They can help you decide on the best treatment protocols, how to approach that.

And ultimately, unfortunately, if we do have a loss in the herd, if you if you come across decaf that's that's a dead in pasture or if you know you have one that's severely affected, that's likely.

To go that direction, um, we can do a lot of things diagnostically with that carcass, um, that are important.

And again, coming back to that, making sure we're chasing the right thing.

When we're designing treatment protocols and helping figure out how we want to approach the problem, that postmortem exam can be really key.

Because if we're opening up chaos, then we expected to be pneumonias and they're not, we may need to start looking for a different cause of death and it's a totally different solution to the problem than what we expected.

So all of those things are important.

And then going back to that calving period, having that conversation about what's common in your area, um, what is your vaccination program need to entail?

What does that look like, um, for your specific operation in your region?

All critical things that your veterinarian can help you with.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Today's program was a portion of an interview taken from a recent beef watch podcast offered by Nebraska extension.

To hear the entire interview, go to beef.unl.edu, or download from Apple Podcasts for Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Summertime is usually a lower stress time for cattle producers as calving season is behind them, and the herd is out to pasture.

But extension specialist Becky Funk says, there could be an issue with summer pneumonia that could creep into calves if not dealt with early.

[Becky Funk, Nebraska Extension Specialist]

July and August for most of our spring calving herds tend to be a little bit of a critical period for calf health.

Part of the reason for that is if you're thinking about those calves, where they're at from a maturity standpoint, this is when that cholosterol antibody or that antibody that mom supplied them with when they were born, starts to wane, right?

We start to see that that disappear from their systems.

So this is where they're transitioning to having to really kind of make their own way as far as immunity to disease.

And so there's a transition period where they're a little, they can be a little bit at risk.

Some things that we can think about.

And obviously, you know, it's it's thinking ahead in the spring.

Obviously, the 1st step is making sure that they have that classroom, right?

It really does go all the way back to birth and making sure we're managing those cows and calves well.

And setting them up for success as they go into pasture.

And then secondary to that is making sure getting them vaccinated, right?

Because even though we're vaccinating during a period where they have cholesterol immunity or have those antibodies for mom, that helps kick their own immune system into, into high gear.

Um, so they can start to, to build their own immunity that will take over um, when moms, moms supply wanes for them.

So that's important to think about.

Becky talks about some of the research that has revealed some good results for producers to look for.

A few things, you know, a few things that show up when we look at the research on on herds that seem to struggle with summer pneumonia.

They're also those herds that struggle with scowers in the spring, right?

So, So maybe we've got those Kavs that have, they've had previous episodes of disease, even if it's not an pneumonia disease, and that's going to put them more at risk for, for summer pneumonia.

So thinking, again, going back to that calving period, if we are a herd that struggles with scours, we maybe need to think about that as more of a long-lasting issue than just getting through that scour risk period.

Um, when we think about later summer health for those calves, those herds that introduce outside animals, um, right?

Anytime we introduce an outside animal, particularly those, you know, those orphan calves, right?

A lot of us, have a tendency to bring in, be a calf to put on a cow that's lost one, which makes sense from an economic perspective a lot of times, but understanding that that can put us at risk for for some health issues, either right then or down the road, depending on what that looks like for our herd.

As we get larger herds.

We tend to think about more risk for pneumonia.

And part of that is just having more animals to keep track of, right?

The more animals we have.

The more, you know, we're at risk that one or 2 of those will be in that population and develop pneumonia.

So those are awesome things to think about.

If we are, you know, if you are sorting cattle and handling them, often for something like estrasynchronization and AI, that's going to put those calves a little more risk for developing pneumonia.

A lot of that goes back to the stress of, of handling and sorting and maybe not being with mom for a significant period of time, depending on how you're, you're handling, um, that period, uh, of your hard work.

So all things to think about.

Um, some things we can, we can change how we manage.

Um, some things, we may just need to be aware of the risk and what we expect going forward.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Today's program was part one of a discussion on summer pneumonia in calves.

Stay tuned for Extension Almanac for part 2 where Becky talks about some management strategies for producers to employ to control this issue.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills, Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here's today's pasture and forage minute:

Heat stress is often talked about with feedlot cattle, but animals on pasture can be at risk too. All livestock can struggle when high temperatures, humidity, low wind, and warm nights stack together.

During a heat wave, water is the first place to start. During hot weather, livestock water demand can increase quickly. Check water sources before a heat event, not after animals are already stressed. Make sure tanks are clean, water flow is adequate, and animals have enough space to drink without crowding. Weak flow or limited tank space can lead to bunching, and bunching adds heat.

Shade can help, but only if it is used well. Natural shade from trees can be valuable, but it can also concentrate animals in one area. If shade is limited, cattle may bunch tightly, reduce airflow, damage grass, and avoid grazing. When possible, make sure water, shade, and grazing areas are not pulling livestock into one small spot during the hottest part of the day.

Air movement is also important. Wind helps animals cool themselves. Pastures with draws, heavy tree cover, or low areas may have less airflow, especially on still, humid days. Watch where animals are spending time and whether they have room to spread out.

Fly control also plays a role. Flies and other pests can cause cattle to bunch, stomp, and stand instead of grazing or resting. Good fly control will not eliminate heat stress, but it can reduce one more reason animals crowd together.

Finally, avoid handling, hauling, or rotating livestock during the heat of the day. If animals need to be moved or worked, do it early in the morning and keep it quiet and low stress.

Signs of heat stress include open-mouth breathing, heavy salivation, restlessness, bunching, and crowding around water or shade. Once severe signs appear, options are limited.

With today’s Pasture & Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Livestock risk protection insurance is a widely used risk management tool for cattle producers.

Extension specialist Jay Parsons says, recent enhancements to LRP programs have made it more affordable and accessible.

Jay talks about one specific policy that has made a significant impact on a producer's bottom line.

[Jay Parsons, Nebraska Extension Specialist]

It was basically a 13 week policy taken out in early August, and then the end date would be the 1st week in November, and it was for feeder cattle, and I'd looked at, I actually have it also for fed cattle.

But anyway, feeder cattle, weight one, weight 2 for steers in general.

And like I said, now it's up 21 years worth of tracking on that.

So you can start to see some patterns where it paid producers when prices dropped and then, of course, when prices were above expectations, it didn't pay.

But basically half the time.

Um, they're out of the 21 years, I think 10 years or an 11 was a split and basically where it paid or didn't pay.

But the big thing is, is that there's, you know, on the upside, you're basically, if the prices go up, you're really just out the or the premium payment, right?

There's no extra to pay there, but if prices go down, it's going to pay you anything below your actual coverage price.

So it's period like in 2006 to 2009-ish, I believe, where there's where producers were paid indemnities with that particular policy if they'd had that. 15 and 16 coming out of the drought years when prices cattle prices move the other direction.

And then not too long ago here, just in 2020, I think, through 23 where it paid.

So you start to see these kind of patterns in there, and it's not to encourage people to try to outguess randomness because it's a problem in and of itself.

But to see that if you stick with that as a protection tool.

There's times it's going to pay and it's going to, you know, protect you and the prices move down.

Prices move up, you're out the premium, but overall, it's a good risk management tool.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Jay says this type of risk management tool.

Might be especially effective when coming out of drought years.

[Jay Parsons, Nebraska Extension Specialist]

Yeah, well, that's interesting because it's been characterizes a slow rebuild or maybe a delayed rebuild, you know, with the stuff.

We actually had quite a few years of dry weather.

It wasn't like 2012 where it was really just 12 months.

The last part of 2012 and 2013.

You know, we had dry weather and, you know, cattle inventories went down and then they fairly quickly rebuilt from there.

We're just kind of wondering when all that's going to happen.

And the main thing is, is you can't predict it exactly.

If we could, we'd all we'd all be rich.

Um, but, uh, at some point, we're going to see these cattle prices come back down a little bit.

We're going to see inventories go up and prices come back down.

And that's when you need the protection or that's when you're going to be, you know, wanting to have the protection.

You just can't predict when it is.

So it just becomes kind of a business practices of, you know, what do I want to protect here?

You know, in case that does happen.

Do I need the protection or not at what level?

Well, the main thing is, is that nobody wants to collect on insurance in general, right?

I mean, when you buy insurance on your house, It's not like you want a hailstorm or a fire to happen, so you can collect on it.

Same thing here.

As a producer, you don't want the prices to drop in general.

You want them to stay strong and you want to get a good price in the marketplace.

So the expectation part is built into actually what the insurance is tied to, right?

So the insurance is tied to current expectations.

You don't want those expectations to be wrong.

I mean, you don't expect them to be wrong, I guess, is the point.

You just buying the protection in case they are wrong.

So, uh, so the mindset, I always tell people is you, you know, you with any insurance product, right?

You basically weigh the trade-offs.

You know, what's the premium cost me?

Protection, I get from that, is that the protection I need?

And so on.

And you hope that air conditions are fantastic and you don't have to, you know, collect an indemnity to actually compensate you for some loss for things not being well.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Today's program was taken from a recent farmcast podcast offered by UNL Center for Ag Profitability.

To read the detailed article, or hear the complete interview, go to cap.unl.edu, or download the program from Apple Podcasts, or Spotify, for Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of INR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

There are several management factors that ranchers should promote to help their cows be long term producers on the operation.

Nebraska extension specialist Kacie McCarthy says, this goes beyond achieving their 1st pregnancy.

[Kacie McCarthy, Nebraska Extension Specialist]

One of those things that we like to talk about as we're thinking about setting heifers up is that concept of early conception.

So, right, heifers that conceive within the 1st 21 days of their initial breeding season tend to calve earlier, have more time to recover from a postpartum standpoint.

And we see that they're also weaning more pounds of calf over their lifetime compared to females that are later conceiving.

And so, as we start to set them up, and as we start to get females ready for the breeding season and we're doing pregnancy checks, really looking at where they've been developed, that early conception time point's going to be really critical.

And then when we start to think about range systems or traditional systems, where these females are also developed is going to be something that we need folks to be considering, right?

When we start to think about development costs, that's going to play a big role in where they're at, as well as then thinking about some of that long-term success for these females.

And so, for example, there's been research comparing kind of that intensive or dry lot scenario compared to an extensive range-based system.

A lot of that's going to come down to the type of protein and or nutrition strategies that we might be implementing the amount of exercise that these females may be exhibiting.

And then what we do after the breeding season as well.

And so these have fairs that were developed on range with a higher room and undegradable protein supplement, exhibited greater retention in the breeding herd through 5 years of age compared to these heifers that were either a low RUP or dry lot developed heifers.

And so knowing that protein type can have an impact and not just level of nutrition are going to play a role in some of these forage limited systems.

And so that, that would be one extreme, we're, we're thinking about not a lot of feed, lower inputs, but really targeting to make sure we're hitting those, you know, growth requirements for those heifers, um, and seeing some benefits long term as well.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Casey says the age of the heifer plays a role in these management decisions.

[Kacie McCarthy, Nebraska Extension Specialist]

There was a recent study out of Dr. Molenk's lab that I was a part of where we were looking at comparing March born heifers.

So older heifers compared to a May born heifer.

So we looked at if those heifers in the make group were born early or late in the calving season.

So we looked at over a five-year period what that retention rate was for these heifers developed in these different systems.

And so what we noted was that after 5 years, a greater proportion of those heifers that were born in that March system remained in the herd, with no differences between that early and Mayborn heifer group.

So basically, right, suggesting that age at that 1st calving, rather than position within the calving season, had a greater influence on retention.

So when we're thinking about, you know, maybe converting older heifers into a summer type system, that may be advantageous for those females, and or right, as we just look at older females within our calving group, and understanding, right, that we're also gonna need to set these females up from a nutritional standpoint when they move into lactation, and rebreeding, especially in some of these limited environments.

And so making sure that as we move these females into that 2nd, 3rd calving season, making sure they're getting enough energy for lactation, and also making sure that we identify if we are deficient in protein or, you know, in metabolizable protein within our forages and we're energy deficient, that we're maybe being strategic as well from a supplementation standpoint to help these females and be strategic throughout the breeding season.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Today's program was taken from a recent beef watch podcast offered by Nebraska extension to read the detailed article, or hear the complete interview, go to beef.unl.edu, or download from Apple Podcasts, or Spotify.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills, Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here's today's pasture and forage minute:

Make plans now to attend the 2026 Nebraska Grazing Conference in Kearney on August 4^th and 5^th. 

For 26 years, the Nebraska Grazing Conference has served as a forum for advancing the science and practice of grazing management by bringing together producers, researchers, educators, conservation professionals, and industry leaders from across the Great Plains.

This year's conference will feature two keynote speakers. Gail Fuller will talk on regenerative management and how to incorporate it into a grazing strategy. Dr. Tom Noffsinger will present on the important role of stockmanship in grazing management. 

We will also have speakers and producer panels that will focus on carbon credits on rangelands, grazing for wildlife habitat, small ruminant grazing for defined objectives and emerging grazing technologies such as virtual fencing.

In recognition of the 2026 United Nations' International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists (IYRP), the conference will host a special evening celebration highlighting the ecological, economic, and cultural importance of Nebraska's grasslands through educational exhibits, displays, and networking opportunities.

For more information and to register for conference, log onto our website at grassland.unl.edu. to encourage the next generation of grazing managers, the Center for Grassland Studies will cover the registration fee for all high school or college students.

We look forward to seeing you there. 

For today's Pasture and Forage Minute, I'm Nebraska Extension Range and Forage Specialist, Mitch Stephenson.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Nebraska extension specialist Carla Wilkie says early weaning may be a viable option for producers when quality forage is scarce.

She says early weaning can be beneficial not only to the calf, but to the pastor plants as well.

[Karla Wilke, Nebraska Extension Specialist]

Early weaning calves helps the pasture from the standpoint that the calf is already starting to eat some grass, even though he's still pretty dependent on his mom for milk.

And so he's eating some grass.

The lactation demand that she has increases her forage intake.

So if we can wean them and put the calf somewhere else, and we can reduce her intake on the forge by about 20%, take him away from it.

That can help the pasture.

The cows this year, if there's a lack of overall quantity of grass because of the drought, could be losing some body condition and so removing lactations away to help them as well.

And so early weaning can have some benefits for the cow in the pasture.

But some challenges for the camp if we're not overly prepared for that or ready for that.

And so, if we're talking about weaning a calf that is, you know, a £300 calf instead of our traditional £600 calf that we're used to, we have to think about facilities management and whether cavs can be held in those facilities or if they can crawl through the bunk or out the corner of the pin or whatever because of their smaller size and whether they can actually reach the bunk or if we need to modify the bunk a little bit so they can reach feed in it and same with the water, things like that that 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Carla says beef caps can be weaned around 3 months of age, but every operation is different.

[Karla Wilke, Nebraska Extension Specialist]

So producers will need to make their own decisions based on age, weight, performance, and other considerations.

Camps that are around 3 months of age have developed their rumen enough that they are considered a ruminant animal and not a pre-reminant.

And so if you consider all the digestive system, by the time they're about 90 to 100 days of age, 85% of that digestive system is rumen, and that's enough to be considered a ruminant animal.

And so at that point, um, we can remove milk intake and the calf can be dependent on feeds fairly self-sufficiently, they are going to have to have a little more viewing for, you know, monitoring at maybe is a better word for health issues and making sure everybody's getting access to the diet, needs to be a, a highly digestible diet because the rumen is developed, but it's very small.

[Brad Mills, Sultan of Swing]

Carla says preconditioning the cast for early weaning. Is critical to their growth success.

[Karla Wilke, Nebraska Extension Specialist]

Well, much like a normal weaning, you know, it's very...

Critical, and fortunately, in the Great Plains region.

It's very common to do preconditioning, um, vaccination shots.

And so, um, I would encourage anybody to, to think about early weaning to go ahead and visit with their veterinarian and say, okay, here's what we're going to do.

And so, you know, what and when do I need to give for vaccinations and then, what do I need to be prepared to watch for, you know, and what do I need to have on hand if I should run into some other health issues so that we get on that very quickly.

Another thing to think about is any opportunity that a person has to expose KFC to some of the feeds that they will be consuming once they're weaned, if they can have exposure to that on the cow, then they do go to that feed much quicker.

Today's program was taken from a recent beef watch podcast offered by Nebraska extension to read the detailed article, or hear the complete interview, go to beef.unl.edu, or download the program from Apple Podcasts or Spotify.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media, and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Clean water is critical for cattle health, especially during heat events.  However, dry conditions can make water quality worse. As water evaporates, salts and minerals become more concentrated. In some locations, this can cause cattle to limit intake, refuse water, or develop health issues.

Nitrates are another concern. They can come from groundwater feeding a pond, but runoff from fertilized fields, manure, or other nitrogen sources is often the bigger risk. Cattle can tolerate nitrate levels in water that would be unsafe for humans, but elevated nitrate water combined with high-nitrate feed or forage can push total intake into dangerous levels.

Blue-green algae, more accurately called cyanobacteria, is common in still water during summer. Warm temperatures, sunlight, low water levels, and excess nutrients can allow blooms to develop quickly. Blooms may look like green paint, pea soup, or surface scum, and wind can concentrate them along shorelines where cattle drink. Not every bloom is toxic, but when toxins are present, livestock losses can occur quickly.

Copper sulfate has traditionally been used to manage algae, but it must be used carefully and according to label directions. Treating an active bloom can release more toxin into the water, and repeated treatments may create environmental concerns. For recurring problems, limiting pond access, pumping water to a tank, reducing nutrient runoff, cleaning tanks, or providing another water source are better long-term options.

Don’t assume water is safe just because cattle have used it before. Dry weather, heat, runoff, and stagnant conditions can change quality quickly. If water quality is in question, remove access and provide clean water until the source can be evaluated or tested.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman. 
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

For many farm families, bringing children, or even grandchildren into the operation, is the ultimate goal.

Nebraska extension agoconomist Jessica Groskoff talks about one strategy that might make sense when it comes to turning over an operation to family members.

[Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]
So this is a really interesting strategy, but the most important thing is that you have to have an entity structure that allows for the transfer of shares or changes in the percentage of ownership.

So we're looking at farms and ranches that are set up as partnerships, LLCs or corporations.

And this is really a cool tool because you can use basically that entity as a gift to the lower generation.

So as an older generation, which we're going to call the donor, I can gift that to my heirs, which we call the donor.

So it's a really interesting plan.

If I have the right entity structure in place.

And honestly, it is actually fairly easy, but I do need to emphasize this is not something you just decide to do.

You do need a team of professionals behind you, and at the top of that list is a very talented attorney and a very knowledgeable tax professional who can help you know and understand what you need to be able to to implement this strategy.

So this is a really interesting strategy because to some extent it provides not just ownership, but potentially management decisions and income to that younger generation, in a, in a gradual ways, and giving them that opportunity to learn the ropes while I'm still alive.

It also creates that shift of income between the owner and the heir as well, right?

So, as that owner gets a little bit older, maybe they have some other assets that they can tap into and really allows that younger generation to grow, that farmer, that ranch business gradually over time.

So 1st of all, if you're going to tackle or think about this type of transfer, you need to work with your financial team.

You need to determine the liabilities associated with that business, the asset basis and then the value of those shares or that percentage of the business.

We can use 2 exclusions as we work through this.

That's the annual gift tax exclusion and the lifetime gifting exclusion to make this transfer.

So as we think about, Both sides.

Um, during life, there's there's a few things we need to consider.

First is the management of that business.

So how much of that management is being transferred with those shares, and that comes down to that decision making.

If that donor, that older generation still wants control or more control, we need to make sure that this isn't a large transfer all at once, because that might also be transferring that decision making power.

So we need to think about, really, is this a small progressive gift?

We're gifting a little bit each year, maybe a percent, or half a percent every year, or is it that large shift?

And that depends on the farm of the ranch business.

Along with that is the consideration of the transfer of income.

So as that ownership, Percent, and its changes or that that ownership of shares change, that's going to ripple through the business.

So we really need to make sure that both, The owners and the heirs maintain a viable standard of living.

It's very, very important as we work through the transition process that both parties still have that viable standard of living.

And so, We have to think about, is that transfer of shares or ownership also transferring that income, and where is that comfortable mix?

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was a portion taken from a recent Farmcast podcast offered by UNL Center for Ag Profitability.

To hear the entire interview, go to cap.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts.

For Nebraska extension almanac, I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans.

Go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

The stress of calving season might be behind cattle producers now, but Nebraska veterinarian Holden Clark encourages producers to remain vigilant.

He says summer pneumonia and other illnesses can be treated.

[Halden Clark, UNL DVM]
If symptoms are spotted early enough.

Typically, nursing pneumonia, which is kind of a perennial problem is going to be noticed by producers as a listless, weak, half with no obvious diarrhea, but ears are droopy, seems to lack energy, may lack abdominal feel, meaning he hasn't been eating or drinking very much at all, laying around too much.

Those kinds of things, if they catch that calf, typically they're going to have a high fever, well over 103, maybe a 104, 105, 106 somewhere in there.

So that's usually what a producer will notice.

Somewhere around a 5th of beef operations in our plains states are going to deal with cases of summer pneumonia in their calves in a typical year.

And then maybe somewhere around half of those operations will actually lose a calf to pneumonia while the calves are in the pre-weaning phase.

So it tends to be a disease that responds well to treatment, and uh, working with your veterinarian to get a plan made for what to treat calves that look like that with, should you encounter cases of of nursing calf pneumonia like this is really important.

And then in addition to a treatment plan, about uh, 87% of vets recommend uh, pre-weeding calf vaccinations to address this nationwide.

So those 2 things can be addressed by the herd veterinarian and uh, you know, plan can be made.

Typically treatment doesn't take the capture and restraint of the animal is usually a bigger part of the cost of treatment than the drugs themselves.

It's typically not a huge burden economically to purchase the treatment drugs, but the labor and time to get these calves treated can be even a bigger piece of the puzzle than that.

So that's a little bit about the basics of what this looks like.

There have been a couple studies that have looked at a number of different risk factors.

One that comes up over and over is if the calves had scours go through if a number of cabs were treated for diarrhea in that critical 1st month of age, which is the danger zone for scours.

If a lot of scours occurred during that time frame, then there's a higher likelihood that those calves are going to fight pneumonia as well.

And we believe that is an indicator that those calves were faced with a number of things that could lead to higher disease, incidents such as poor quality colostrum intake, environmental stressors, management factors, like extended calving seasons, and greater commingling, especially of different age cohorts of calves, those kinds of things that lead to greater health rests can impact pneumonia rates as well.

Treatment early in the course of disease is really important for these.

So my recommendation would be working with your veterinarian to either be able to treat these for you very promptly or to have a protocol, basically a plan, a written, maybe a written plan even with what the veterinarian recommends as far as treatment drugs, and this can be based on postmortem analysis of any calves that may have died, and sample submission and results, that's possibility, or the veterinarian's clinical impression of what appears to be the animicrobial choice in that region.

Those are important things.

Availability, product availability comes into play.

If the drug that your vet recommends for summer calf pneumonia has not been discussed in the last few years, it might be good to to consult with them again.

There are a lot of new generics on the market at a much lower price point than previously.

So that could potentially be a time to benefit from your relationship with your vet and to find a good option that may come at a lower cost than in years past.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was a portion taken from a recent beef watch podcast to hear the entire interview. Go to beef.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts for Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Summer thunderstorms can quickly turn good hay drying weather into wet windrows. That does not mean the hay is a total loss, but rain on cut forage can reduce both yield and quality.

How much is lost depends on the forage type, how dry the hay was, how much rain fell, and whether the forage was re-wetted multiple times. Losses are usually lower when rain comes soon after cutting and the hay is not repeatedly soaked.

Wisconsin research found that 1 inch of rain on alfalfa after one day of drying caused a 22% dry matter loss, compared to a 6% loss with no rain damage. When alfalfa received 1.6 inches over several days, losses increased to 44%. Grass hay usually has lower losses than alfalfa because it does not lose leaves as easily.

Rain may not reduce protein much unless leaf loss is high, but energy can take a bigger hit as carbohydrates decline. Rained-on hay also has greater risk of mold, heating, and heat damage, especially if baled too wet.

Once hay has been rained on, the priority is to reduce additional losses. Turn windrows only if it will help drying more than it will increase leaf loss. Chopping may be a better salvage option than waiting for dry hay, while severely damaged forage may be better used as mulch.

Finally, keep an eye on rained-on windrows for insect pressure and weed growth. Salvage what you can, store it safely, and let the hay test — not just appearance — guide how that forage gets used.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman. 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Ag producers face a very challenging decision making environment full of risk and uncertainty.

Complex solutions take time and research to keep the operation successful.

Extension specialist, Jay Parsons, talks about a decision tree or decision flow process designed to help operators make good decisions using this valuable tool.

[Jay Parsons, Nebraska Extension Specialist]
I mean, it gets its name, obviously, because it looks like a tree where you have different nodes of decisions or uncertainties and then outcomes from each of those.

So it branches out and gets get fairly complex, fairly fast, depending upon how many different types of outcomes there are from the uncertainties and how many different choices you're considering.

Um, the way it differs from a lot of the other ways that we do or look at decision making in an ag is it forces you to think of the sequence of events, of how things happen, um, and how information is revealed.

So, in that regard, it's a really useful tool.

So rather than just sitting there at a point in time and thinking of all of the things.

You kind of think of the sequence in which they happen and just kind of big buckets and directions things can go.

I looked at a corn producer's marketing decision, and, you know, to begin with, I mapped out that, you know, prior to that, there's planting decisions, planting conditions that would contribute to that, and so on.

But the example I gave was really kind of disappointed time, you know, Midsummer, you're looking at marketing decisions, you still don't know exactly how your crop is going to turn out.

You don't know how markets are going to turn out in the fall.

So I just mapped it out as kind of a simple thing where you're trying to decide whether to forward price half your crop or not, and you know what the current contract price is that's being offered by the local elevator for the fall.

And you still need to determine what your actual yields are going to be and you need to determine what how prices are going to turn out.

So I just did a simple thing where yields could go up or down 10%, so 3 different outcomes here or turn out normal.

And then same thing on the prices that they could go up or down 10% or turn out normal.

So you map all that out and you get like 9 different outcomes for each decision, whether you leave it cash open or for price half of it, given the current price that's offered to you.

From there, you just got a bunch of numbers that you can calculate, expected values and do different things that look at different outcomes that could possibly turn out.

Well, the challenges are definitely the complexity, because even the example I put in there, even though it's very simple, and not nowhere near capturing everything that could possibly happen for a producer, because reality is you got a spectrum of yields.

You got a spectrum of prices.

So the complexity is there.

Uh, you know, no matter what decision it is, it gets complex really fast.

So that's a challenge, but the thing that's a real advantage is it forces you to think through, just, like I said, kind of big buckets, you know, going up, going down.

You know that there's probably a spectrum in between there.

And once you have that template built of the things that can happen, you can reuse it.

So, you know, the, the, uh, decision I describe would be like you're in the midsummer, but another 2 months from now, you know, a little bit more about the market conditions that could happen in the fall, you know, a little bit more about your production conditions, which your yields might be, and you have that template there.

If you're making another marketing decision at that point, let's just say you're looking at maybe forward pricing a quarter of your crop at that point.

You can just, you know, repopulate that same tree with the new numbers and take another look at the decision that you're considering.

Expected value, you know, mathematically is just a weighted average of what could happen to you.

And it's not so much that, you know, you're going to make a big deal about, say, a $100 difference or something like that.

It's it's what you're looking for, there are some bigger differences where you definitely prefer one or the other.

And then sometimes when the expected values are close.

You might look at the distribution of the possibility, say the best case, worst case scenario and kind of how those are distributed.

And in that regard, pick one of the choices as being much preferred to the other choice.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was a portion taken from a recent farmcast podcast offered by UNL Center for Ag Profitability.

There are many more key details from this interview, which can be heard in its entirety by going to cap.unl.edu or downloading from Apple Podcasts.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

As drought conditions persist, cattle producers should consider feed resources that can complement low quality forage.

Brandon Smith, assistant professor at Auburn University, talks about how soybean holes should be a consideration for producers.

[Brandon Smith, Auburn University Assistant Professor]
So soy holes in particular fit that system because at the time, very affordable, and, you know, feed markets go up and down over the year.

So, if we listen to this podcast next year, then this, this may be totally out of the realm of possibility, but that as we go away, so this byproduct feeds, what I really like about soy holes is you get a moderate level of protein.

So the protein, you know, we're not talking about the type of protein that's going to be a soybean meal, of course.

You know, we're not taking the end of sperm out of that.

We're dealing with the outer seed coat.

So I would call it moderate protein, but you're also getting digestible fiber.

And the combination of those 2 mean that you're really not shifting a nutrition program away from that forage and fiber-based system.

And that's where sometimes in our supplementation of feeding programs we can get in trouble when you take something that's very dense and starch or very dense and protein, you shift the Roman ecology over and it's almost a shock to the system.

Soy hills in particular, and I would put those in the same category as something like the stiller's grains or some of the cotton bike products, really work in that system because they don't shift that room in ecology away from its natural state.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Brandon explains what soy holes are and where they come from.

[Brandon Smith, Auburn University Assistant Professor]
So the soy hole itself is going to be the outer layer, the the, um, seed coat or almost shell, if you will, of the soy bean.

So it's not the shell as in the pod, just the outer coating of the bean itself.

And we get this from processing soy beans for oil.

So the main product out of the soybean is going to be the soybean oil, from that we have soybean meal, which is the dry remaining portions.

The hull.

So seat code is going to come from that, and then the amount of soy hulls that are generated are going to depend on what type of soybean meal was being produced.

So you can adjust the standardized protein and soybean meal by how much hull is added back into that system.

Um, soy hulls themselves then come off, you can have them loose or in the past 10 years or so.

I've seen more use of them as pelleted.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Brandon also points out what kind of energy is being supplied by the soy halls.

[Brandon Smith, Auburn University Assistant Professor]
On a TDM base, the soy holes were going to be in that 70 to 75% range somewhere thereabouts.

So to put that in perspective, we generally look at, hey, now this, of course, hey, is going to be all over the board, but hey, we generally think of as that 50 to 55% range being the floor of what you need for maintenance.

So we're looking at something that I would call halfway between a forage, so hay versus a concentrate, like if you were feeding cracked corn or something like that.

You know, not even that, but as we look at these soy holes, you know, all fiber is not created equal, if they're on a pasture-based system or hay system, they're getting plenty of the physically effective fiber, you know, the scratch factor, long stem type fiber, soy holes offer us that unique aspect of digestible fiber.

So it's chemical fiber, it, as chemically makes up fiber, but the digestibility is higher, which is where you get that higher TDN.

That's what really benefits the system and where you were going with the using a fiber-based energy source over something like a starch base.

It meshes very well.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was a portion of an interview taken from a recent beef watch podcast offered by Nebraska extension to hear the entire program.

Go to beef.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts or Spotify.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills, Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans.

Go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

As we enter a period of hotter and drier weather, grasshoppers will begin to move into crops from field edges. In the coming weeks, be sure to scout your fields to ensure defoliation from grasshopper feeding is kept at a minimum. 

One of the best ways to scout for grasshoppers is to use the square foot method. Randomly select an area several feet away and visualize a one square-foot area around that spot. Walk toward this spot and count the number of grasshoppers you see in or jumping out of this area. Repeat this procedure 18 times and divide the total number of grasshoppers by two. This will give you the number of grasshoppers per square yard. Economic thresholds for grasshoppers range from 8 to 40 grasshoppers per square yard, depending on a variety of factors.

If grasshopper levels have reached threshold, treatment with an insecticide may be feasible as long as pre-harvest intervals are considered. Many insecticides used for other insects in alfalfa and other forages are also labeled for grasshoppers. For current insecticide recommendations for controlling grasshoppers in rangeland, forages, alfalfa, and other crops, please contact your county extension office.

It's also important to remember that our goal isn’t to completely eradicate grasshoppers from our fields, but to reduce their numbers to below threshold levels and give our crops a chance to “win the race” against pests until the first hard freeze of the season. 

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Crops & Water Educator, Samantha Daniel.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

The University of Nebraska Center for Ag Profitabilities, offering education, and practical applications to help landowners and land seekers protect the future of their operations, as well as helping aspiring farmers, find ways to start their ad careers.

Extension educator emeritus, Alan Vyhnalek says, current landowners can protect their legacy by using this valuable tool.

[Allan Vyhnalek, Nebraska Extension Educator Emeritus]
And so, you know, we're really we're really taking care of a couple of problems.

One problem is there's some land seekers that don't have access to land.

The other problem is, in many cases, many of your cases as landowners, you have land and you have nowhere to give to get to land you because if you have children, your children are no longer interested.

The point is, before you put your land on the land link makes me make sure if you have children, that you check with them one last time.

Is there any chance that you're interested in coming back to the farm?

We'd love to have you or ranch?

We love to have you.

If there's not, then fine. Lets just go on.

So you can apply for the land link and here's some tips so you can do that application very efficiently and well.

So before applying, just know that you're going to be asked a bunch of personal questions, but you're also going to be asked, how many acres do you have?

What's the breakdown of those acres by crop?

Once you break down to the acres by pasture and crop ground.

How what livestock do you have?

What's the breakdown in your livestock?

Your machinery inventory, that's going to take a little time.

You're just entering the tractors and the cultivators and the planters and the combines and trucks and that's going to take a bunch of time to get that entered in because that'll all need to be entered.

And then they're also going to want to know about what buildings you have, what your building inventory looks like and what can be done with it in terms of future use for this other operator that might be coming to your operation.

And the other question you'd be thinking about before you apply is, would you be willing to rent out a smaller number of acres separately for some other scale of production, especially if you live closer to one of the major towns in Nebraska, you may want to consider renting out 5, 10, 15, 30, 80 up to 80 acres for a small operator to do like a truck vegetable operation for farm to market thing.

Don't expect quick results.

I don't know what the processing time will be yet, but it's going to take me some time to sort through applications as they start coming in and interviewing people, setting up interviews, interviewing people as you'd be coming in.

We'll do a preliminary interview based on the application received.

You can't flunt the interview, that won't happen.

I'm trying to get a field for the landowners.

I want to know what you're most proud of.

I would like I would like to know if you really want to keep this operation in business or not, if you want just want the operation to go away.

I would like to know how you'd like to transition operation in the future.

What do you have for children if you have children and what's your obligation to those children?

Do you have any obligation to children?

What do your children expect?

What are you willing to give?

I mean, those kind of things have to be kind of thought about as you enter into this thing.

And what is your commitment to the land seeker?

Do you really want to keep this operation going?

So let's let's think about that and have that conversation before you even think about applying.

Let's think about that, have that conversation when I interview you too.

I'll be doing we'll be doing both.

Just kind of be thinking a little bit about what is your future use of the ground going to be, what do you want to have happen to that operation?

Um, I expect that you're going to have 20 to 30 land seekers apply for every landowner to you will get.

Like I said, in a previous slide, you're going to have some period of time between the listing date and the date you receive potential land seekers.

Your information from your land is only coming to my office and me only.

I'm not sharing now with the land seekers.

But I will be sharing their applications with you as the landowner, and I expect 2345.

I don't know.

I have to see how many qualify, how many people get applications done to me that are complete.

And I'll be interviewing them too, so I want to know what did they think?

I want to try and set up a good match as I can, especially after I maybe want to try and interview you first.

And also know that we'll be having land seekers that are looking for land in specific corners of the state or specific parts of the state.

And if your land is not there, then you may not have seekers right away, although I'm, I'm anticipating it, a lot of, a lot of land seekers say, hey, we'll go anywhere.

So then I can use them to look at your operation and that sort of thing.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was a portion taken from the Farmcast podcast offered by UNL Center for Ag Profitability.

To hear the entire program, go to cap.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts or Spotify.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Sorghum, sorghum-sudangrass, and sudangrass can be valuable emergency forages in dry years, but they carry one major livestock risk: prussic acid, or hydrogen cyanide — HCN.

The compound behind that risk is dhurrin. Dhurrin is found naturally in all sorghum species and breaks down to release HCN when plants are stressed or damaged by drought, frost, wilting, or chewing. This toxin acts quickly and can cause difficult breathing, staggering, collapse, and death in livestock.

Risk is highest in young plants, drought-stressed forage, regrowth, and frost-damaged plants. Leaves, especially young upper leaves, tend to have higher dhurrin concentrations and such, are higher risk than stems and more mature leaves .

For grazing, wait until sorghum-family forages are at least 18 inches tall. After frost, wait seven days before grazing, and restart the clock if another frost occurs.  That’s all knowledge we’ve had for years.

However, there has been some newer research on sorghum hay.  Dr. Shelby Gruss at Iowa State has released research showing that dhurrin can remain in dried sorghum or sorghum/sudan hay and still release HCN during digestion. So hay made from drought-stressed, immature, or frost-damaged sorghum should not automatically be considered safe.

If conditions were risky when hay was put up, test before feeding. Remember, nitrates are a separate concern, so testing for both prussic acid potential and nitrates may be needed.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.  
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Just like all livestock, cattle need available water to stay hydrated during the hot summer months.

Extension educator Troy Wall says, water needs for cattle can vary.

[Troy Walz, Nebraska Extension Educator]
So cattle, just like any other mammal, have a requirement for water, and it depends on the class of livestock, and it depends on what the temperature the ambient temperature is.

So, of course, the hotter it's getting or the warmer it's getting, the higher the water requirement is going to be for cows and also, depending on their stage of production and class of livestock.

But as a general rule of thumb, let's just say for when it gets to be about 90 degrees Fahrenheit, growing cattle, and lactating cattle, cows are going to have a requirement of 2 gallons of water, for every 100 pounds of body weight, and a non-lactating cow or bowl will need one gallon of water per £100 of body weight.

And when we think about these lactating cows having a water requirement, We cannot forget that they also have a calf outside, and those calves also have a water requirement, and those calves are going to need anywhere from 5 to 10 gallons of water per day.

So when we think about spring calving cows and we get to this 90 degree temperature, that's what we're going to be seeing with these lactating cows.

So these lactating cows are producing milk, of course, and milk is 87% water.

So for every gallon of milk that a cow is producing that is increasing her water requirements.

So on our spring calving cows.

Say if we have a £1200 cow, she is going to need probably 24 gallons of water when we get this to this 90 degrees plus another 5 to 10 gallons of water for her calf.

So when I talked about a cattle having a calf at her side and that calf has a water requirement as well.

Some of that water requirement will come from the milk that that calf is getting from that dam.

And also some of the water requirements for the cow herself.

She can get from grazing lush forage if there's lush forage or whatever ration she is receiving if it's high in moisture.

So water quality is another important aspect for cattle intake of water.

So cattle are going to drink, good quality water, and they are going to drink low quality water, and we need to get our water tested so we know what we are, if we have any problems with our water.

So some problems we could see with our water could be high nitrates.

We know we have some nitrate issues in some areas of the state so we could get that tested.

We want our nitrates in our water to be 100 parts per 1000000 or less of nitrate nitrogen, that 100 is kind of that upper level we would be looking at.

Then we also have to think about sulfate, some areas in the state have sulfate or sulfur in the water, for our growing cattle.

We want those to be less than 500 parts per 1000000 and for mature cattle, we want that to be less than 1000 parts per 1000000.

And in order to know these things, we have to get this tested.

So just, you can take a water sample into any of the certified labs here in the state of Nebraska.

When cattle are drinking out of ponds or if they've been standing in it all day, they're increasing the nutrient load from manure and nitrogen, and that can cause algal blooms or algae to grow, and some of these algaes that we see, such as blue green algae, can be toxic to cattle, and we'll see blue green algae growing in stagna, water, lakes, and ponds.

And with that toxicity, we need to be.

Considerate of that, that could be tested as well.

And we, sometimes this time of year, we start hearing about some of the bodies of water in the state that have toxic blue green algae in there.

And some of the symptoms in cattle would be diarrhea, lack of coordination, labor breathing, and could possibly even have death with those.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Mitigating heat stress in cattle can greatly affect their performance in a positive way.

A.J.

Tarpoff from Kansas State has some recent research data that looks at limited feed and how shade will help cattle cope with severe heat events on today's almanac.

[AJ Tarpoff, Kansas State Extension Educator]
Animal comfort has always been a big focus of mine.

You know, I've always been a big believer that, you know, when we focus and we invest in animal comfort.

It pays dividends economically, okay?

And so when we take care of those animals for the best of our ability, uh, the outcomes are, you know, just that much greater.

Now, that being said, it always comes at a cost.

Right?

So what are some of those parameters?

And uh, before this study began, a lot of the conversations that I was having, folks both internally and and trying to get this project funded, it was, okay.

Let's start looking at shade as an investment long term.

And what kind of parameter should we look at?

And that's where I, I said, you know, We, we have some data at the feed line and it's very, you know, regionally dependent.

However, in the Midwest and and eastern Kansas, the Midwest.

We, you know, I, I believe we've got a growing backgrounder segment.

And in some of the conversations that I had with folks, that there was kind of confusion and almost arguments that growing cattle don't have heat strip.

And right away, I said, well, we do because we see it, and we, we, but we don't always measure what those effects are.

So in that growing segment, there, it's such a vast differences and diets, and housing, you know, so how do we put all this stuff together?

And that's really where this, this idea came to be is, you know, one, let, let's analyze and let's really dig down into shade usage here in the Midwest and eastern Kansas, uh, specifically, but that environment can match pretty well with a lot of our Midwestern states.

So we wanted to look at shade, but we also wanted to utilize, kind of digging into the physiology a little bit, is how we feed cattle.

Can that be a determining factor with what type of heat load these cattle can can sustain.

So the idea was, let's look at our limit feeding, we've been, uh, Dr. Dale Blasi here in Kansas State's been doing a lot of limit feeding work with a high co-product, corn co product diet, that's limit fed for a, you know, for a 2.2% uh, body weight.

But we wanted to look at the physiology of it.

When we feed a higher digestible feed stuff.

There's less heated digestion that's actually produced.

So if we think about this logically.

It's like, well, if we feed a more digestible ration to these growing cattle, rather than a high rubbage, that's, you know, takes more bacteria, more time, more room and churning to be able to digest, if we do that, does that have a determining factor on heat stress?

So, we kind of pulled those 2 ideas, both nutritionally and kind of environment with the shade, uh, to try to see if these were additive, or if the physiology, you know, idea of data fermentation, if it's real, do we see some of those impacts?

So that's kind of the basis of what we wanted to look at.

You know, I I see it a couple of different ways.

One, uh, utilizing this information to show some of the, uh, you know, the increase in efficiencies and increasing gains, uh, that we can see from shade, and then penciling that into their own operation, right?

So looking at shade, not as a one time, you know, one time fee is, so to speak, but of a long-term investment that's going to pay out over a number of years.

So I, I, I think that's, that's one piece, and then the limit feeding.

You know, limit feeding has a number of different positive attributes.

One of the basic needs of limit feeding is having access to a cornco product.

Whether it's corn gluten feed, whether it's distiller grains, something along those lines that we can feed it at, you know, 40% within the ration.

But if we have access to that, utilizing that that limit feeding program can really help out with, you know, changes in commodity, uh, commodity prices, fluctuations and drought, temperature.

So, you know, you know, one of the big, big problems.

Sometimes we have issues of just availability of forages to be able to feed some of these background, you know, by utilizing some of the limit feeding programs, we can get some of those those forage needs down to about 13% of their rations.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska extension almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension, Almanac is a production of IANR Media, and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

In Nebraska, there are two species of fly that cause the most economic injury to pasture and rangeland cattle. They are the horn fly and face fly. Selection of an appropriate control method for each will depend on the time of year; the efficacy, cost, and convenience of the treatment; and your herd management practices.

The horn fly is a major pest that is estimated to cause over $1 billion in economic losses in the U.S. annually. It is a blood feeding insect that is found on the back, sides, and poll area of the animal. The economic injury level of the horn fly is 200 flies per animal that, once surpassed, causes altered grazing patterns and behavior which lead to a reduction in both milk production and weight gain. In Nebraska, there are two population spikes of horn fly: one in early summer and the second in late-August through mid-September.

While the face fly is not a blood feeder it can cause extreme discomfort by feeding on animal secretions from the eyes, mouth, and muzzle. It is also a vector of the pathogen that causes pinkeye in cattle and feeding by the female fly causes eye tissue damage. Face fly populations usually peak in late July and August and are most common near waterways, in areas of significant rainfall, and in irrigated pastures.

Horn fly and face fly management options vary widely and include forced use methods such as dust bags, back rubbers, and traps as well as product application methods such as pour-ons, animal sprays, and insecticide ear tags. For more information on control methods contact your county Extension office.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Crops & Water Educator, Samantha Daniel.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

A growing source of income for landowners in Nebraska's hunting rights.

Extension ag economist Jim Jansen talks about how ag landowners can enhance their profitability by leasing exclusive rights for hunters and certain types of game on their land.

[Jim Jansen, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]
So each year, the University of Nebraska is part of the annual farm real estate survey takes a look at what we call a newer emerging issue present in the farm real estate industry, farming and ranching real estate industry.

In prior years, we've looked at things like the type of leases, so provisions related to crop shares, provisions related to flexible cash leases.

And given that some of the farm and ranches are a little bit tighter financially this year, we thought we would take maybe a look at what are some alternative ways to generate revenue or funds from our property.

And this can go for absentee landowners as well.

Well, one of the things that we can do in our state, which we obviously have a very rural-based state that has a lot of wildlife present, is renting out the hunting rights associated with a parcel of ground.

So, you might own the land, you might farm it, you might rent it to someone else, that farms, that ranches it.

The key thing is, though, you reserve the right, and you are renting that right to a 3rd party to hunt different types of wild game.

So we might be talking about things like antelope or deer, waterfowl, some of the other things included pheasants, turkey, and then we group the rest as other game.

Overall, based on the survey responses that were sent in, the majority of people that reported on the survey found about almost 50% are renting out some type of rights related to either antelope or deer hunting.

The 2nd one that followed that was waterfowl, and that quite 20%, and then the 3rd one was deer.

Now, within each of the different regions of the state that we call agricultural statistic districts, we did see some variation.

For example, the highest rate of interest for wider fowl hunting, so things like duck or de geese, things like that.

We've seen that even in the northwest.

And also some of the parts of the East Platte Valley.

So I think like the east and central district.

Some of the hot spots that we've seen for hunting were deer were primarily in the north to northeast.

And some of the geographical features or factors or forces are what why we see the type of wildlife we do and why people are willing to pay.

So what are the features or forces or contributing value to hunting, wasting out hunting wildlife.

Some of the leading factors we've seen were including the vegetative cover and proximity to water.

So that accounted for over half of the reasons on why people would want to.

Why do I want to release your ground while it's next to the Platte River, or it has certain factors or features, maybe the presence brush or trees, hillside?

Think of what features or forces would make a site to be ideal.

Well, those sites or features are conducive to siting up into your blind, for example.

So we took a look at what, can someone charge someone else?

What can you lease out the hunting rights for our property?

And the detail that we looked at, we just looked at, we grouped responses by a financial range.

We found that about not quite two thirds of the responses.

We had people reporting a value between 0 to not quite $2,500.

And then a little less than 30% of responses, we had a range somewhere between, say, 2500 to not about 5000.

What this means is we typically see someone charge a sum of money, you gain access to the use of that property, a lot of the responses were indicating it was usually for the season.

You weren't renting out policing the hunting rights just, say, for, you know, hunting deer on the 1st day of the deer season.

It's hunting deer for the duration of the season for deer or whatever wild game someone might be hunting.

But this was part of the special feature survey that the University of Nebraska conducts in tandem with the Nebraska Farm Real Estate survey.

If you'd like to find some additional information, you can always take a look at the farm real estate report that was issued in late June of 2025.

The website is capped, type UNL.edu slash real estate.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills, Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Hot summer days are now upon us, and severe heat can seriously affect cattle performance.

Nebraska extension educator Alfredo Deaconstanzo talks about some good strategies to help livestock cope with brutally hot days.

[Alfredo Diconstanzo, Nebraska Extension Educator]
You know, we always talk about heat stress and from the standpoint of education.

Maybe my plan to look at this is to break it down in a manner that makes sense to the individual when they read it or listen to this message.

And in very the simple way to break this down for a feed lot animal is that they are going to be get large and heavy and finished, and we use high energy diets to get that accomplished, and we do this in an environment that obviously is out in outside, which can create its own challenges.

So if we simply separate animal diet and facilities, then that's an easy way to perhaps address these things and be ready to prepare ahead of time.

So the 1st one to me is to make sure that cattle that can handle stress are in pens have the higher propensity to have heat stress developed in them, right?

And it's not a best case scenario, but if you happen to have some light colored cattle, cattle that are starting out in the feeding process, maybe they should be in some of the more challenging pens.

For example.

In addition, we make these cattle fairly heavy.

And so for some of them that we know are probably going to be with us another 30 to 45 days.

It's a time for some of them to start thinking of them going sooner rather than later, and we know there's an incentive to keep them around longer, for making good profit on some of these cattle and pounds count.

But they count if their lives.

So the question is, are you better off extending that show list to include pens that are, that you were going to keep them 30 to 45 days longer because you wanted more weight on them.

And maybe you're changing your your plan because the heat is coming and you go, well, maybe I'll try and sell them too.

You know, that's another way to do that.

So, so that keeps marketing current to avoid having excessively heavy cattle on the facilities, particularly if it happens to be a yard that has challenges, with facilities and keeping heat stress away.

The 1st things that come to mind, and because of the range, that particularly in the eastern portion of the state, the growth explosion, both on trees and grasses and weeds and so forth, creating tremendous wind breaks out there, and maybe we haven't even removed the wind breaks themselves that we put up as bales.

And so the very 1st thing to do, and I was at a yard recently that still had the wind breaks up, it's time to take them down as fast as you can do that to permit the wind to blow through those pens as soon as you can.

So in a sense, this is the time to look at facilities and remind ourselves where the most stressful pens are and try to get whatever we can to make them a nicer facility, cut down some of the weeds, uh, grass, whatever around those pens, if we have only a limited amount of shade, portable shade, that's the place where they're probably going to be placed.

Maybe one could potentially, if it's a smaller yard set up, in essence, uh, you know, uh, garden hose, uh, type sprinkler system that can help get these cattle wet when the time comes.

This is what I would call for facilities, the midterm, mid to close term preparations to a heat event, and that's the types of things that a manager and owner need to be looking at.

Is this the time perhaps to loosen up the stocking density in some of those pens so that they're not so close together?

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Precipitation and temperature play major roles in pasture productivity, and knowing how to adjust grazing to match current conditions is key.  Are you shifting your management to meet pasture conditions?

Stocking and grazing management are not static things.  When production is limited, especially during a drought period, stretching forage resources is a high priority. In contrast during wet years, grass growth can get ahead of our grazing rotation and loose quality.

By this point in the year, our pastures have produced the vast majority of forage that we will get.  Using temporary electric fence to cross fence can increase utilization, slowing down a grazing rotation and stretching forage considerably during dry weather.

This is especially true when plants become dormant due to lack of precipitation or heat.  Typically, utilization seeks to balance animal demand and plant health, but taking more of a dormant plant without damaging the crown has little impact on overall plant health.

On the flip side, grass that is getting tall and lanky, ahead of a grazing rotation, could benefit from flash grazing.  Moving animals on and off quick can help keep plants from getting overly mature. Keep up this fast pace while growth is rapid.  Once growth slows, then the rotation can slow down as well.  

Speeding up grazing when things are wet and slowing down during dry times is a good rule of thumb to use as we adjust to the weather Mother Nature throws our way.  Doing so can help you find the perfect balance for your pasture and animal health.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.  
 

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Recent high temperatures and high humidity have caused concern for cattle producers.

Nebraska extension specialist, Galen Erickson, talks about strategies for producers to employ when summer heat is affecting cattle performance.

[Galen Erickson, Nebraska Extension Feedlot Specialist]
Yeah, really, heat stress is a culmination of multiple things that have to happen.

One is usually hot days, which everybody recognizes, we use a temperature humidity index, somewhat like what we do in humans.

There's also adjusted temperature in index, which account for, essentially, sunlight, so solar radiation, obviously hot temperatures.

Uh, humidity is a contributing factor, wind speed.

Okay?

So if there's less wind, bigger challenge.

And then actually, interestingly, some of the work from Terry Mader, who studied heat stress was the temperatures the night before, so low time temperatures the evening prior are all good indicators that that producers should watch.

In addition, there are a couple of tools online, um, here in Nebraska, and so you can search the, uh, for cattle climate index in the cattle, uh, Mezzanet, uh, network, and those tools can be used also for prediction of days when it's going to have heat stress related activ- uh, problems.

So the strategies that producers can use are really things to keep cattle more comfortable.

And so how do we do that?

Well, can't control the weather, but you can try and control their environment.

So sprinkling, uh, sprinkling the pen is a good approach because it cools down the pen surface.

Pen temperatures on the surface can get quite warm, uh, up to 140, 6, 140 or 50, 60 degrees Fahrenheit in some of these real hot days with a lot of sunlight.

So cooling the pen.

Sometimes people think we should sprinkle the cattle, but actually the data show that sprinkling the pen surface is better.

If it's really humid and the wind, some have suggested that that's not always the best approach.

Uh, because it increases humidity locally.

Second option is you can, uh, provide shade, right?

And many feed yards have have implemented that, um, management strategy.

Third is plenty of access to water.

So, one of the key things that feed yard should be monitoring is how much water trough space access the cattle have.

The old rule thumb is one inch of water, trough space per head in the pen.

So if it's a 100 head pen, and you measure the length of the opening on your water, obviously it's got to be at least 100 inches.

If you increase that to two, 3 or 4 inches.

Those are benefits and heat stress events.

And now, how do you increase your water trough space because you got a water in the pen?

Most producers would do that by delivering extra water tanks in the pen, either filling those or siphoning into those.

Um, and then lastly, cattle will eat less, and so, uh, that's one way they take the heat that they're producing from consuming feed off of their body.

So you can also help that sometimes with diet changes.

One is to actually feed a less energy dense diet, so interestingly, feeding more forage can help.

In severe cases, but all those changes should really be assessed with your nutritionists.

And then, lastly, some have explored additives that claim to help and some of those may have value, some may not.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

In Nebraska, you can't predict the rain, however you can protect your bottom line.

If you plant annual forage or cover crops for livestock feed, dry weather doesn't have to mean a total loss. The USDA's Annual Forage Insurance Program shields your investment against lack of rainfall, covering crops planted between August 1st and July 31st of the following year.

But coverage requires action right now.

The USDA sign-up deadline is July 15th, and it is strictly enforced. Miss it, and your forage crops go uninsured for the entire next crop year. Government subsidies are available to help keep premiums affordable.

Don't leave your feed supply to chance. Call your local crop insurance agent today and lock in your protection before July 15th.

For today’s pasture and forage minute I am Nebraska Extension Agricultural Economist Shannon Sand

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

July traditionally means the beginning of the haying season for Sandhills subirrigated meadows.  A key point related to the quality of meadow hay is harvest date.  Crude protein and energy concentration decline as plants become stemmy and mature.  As this happens, the types of livestock that can be fed that hay with little or no supplements become more limited.  

A good practice can be to record harvest dates for different meadow fields.  Quality of hay cut in early July could vary significantly compared to hay cut in late-July or August.  Including notes if hay was impacted by rain before baling can also be useful.   This information, along with hay tests can be useful when making hay feeding decisions this winter and next spring.  Also remember that earlier meadow harvest will provide a longer regrowth period and extra growth for fall grazing.  

Within some meadows, there can be variation in hay quality depending on plant species that are present.  Sedges and rushes are most common in the wettest and lower parts of meadows and these species are lower in quality compared to grasses.  

The extra rain received in parts of Nebraska this year has been mostly welcome.  But excess rain can make some meadows impossible to even get in to cut the hay. When hay is in demand, waiting until the ground dries and firms up enough to drive haying equipment over it is an option, but the quality of this late cut hay will be lower.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.  
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Wheat harvest will be coming up soon and that leads us to think about some forage opportunities after harvest is complete.  There is plenty of growing season left this year and there are several forage possibilities; especially in a year where pasture or hay is short in some areas.

If the cropland is not irrigated, receiving some rains after wheat harvest is, of course, going to be necessary to grow that forage crop.

One dryland choice might be a high grain producing forage sorghum if chinch bugs and other insects are not a problem.  Sunflowers can be a surprisingly good choice for a short-season silage.  They survive light frost and yield well under many conditions.

If hay is preferred, plant sorghum-sudan hybrids, teff, or pearl or foxtail millet.  A hay crop exceeding two to three tons per acre can be grown easily if planted soon after wheat harvest.  Another hay or silage alternative is solid-seeded soybeans.  A couple tons of good forage can be grown from taller, full season varieties planted after wheat.  

Oats planted in late July to early August is another option.  Yields over two tons are common when moisture is good, fertility is high, and your hard freeze comes a little late.
Definitely consider turnips, as well as oats, for fall pasture planted into wheat stubble in late July or early August.  With a few timely rains in August and September, both oats and turnips produce much high-quality feed in a short time.  And, they are relatively inexpensive to plant.

Don't automatically let your wheat ground sit idle the rest of the year, especially if you could use more forage.  For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Range and Forage Specialist, Jerry Volesky.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Summer annuals such as pearl millet, forage sorghum, sorghum-sudans, corn and BRM (brown midrib) forages can response well to fertilizer applications after their first cutting harvest. However, if moisture is a limiting factor, then fertilizer applications likely should be split and/or significantly reduced; since forage yields will only increase to the first limiting nutrient level. 

Under irrigation management, 40 to 60 pounds of nitrogen fertilizer per acre may be applied after haying the first cutting or grazing of summer annual forages to stimulate regrowth. Sudangrass and sorghum-sudangrass will especially benefit from fertilizer applications after each cutting when irrigation reduces potential moisture stress. Further, average summer forage hay dry matter contains 15 pounds of phosphorus; 40 pounds of potassium and 25 pounds of sulfur per ton. Actual nutrient content can vary based on forage species; time of year and potential stress.

For rain-fed (dryland) forage production, high rates of nitrogen during drought stress may increase the risk of nitrate accumulation in the forages. So, dryland forage fertilizer rates this year’s drought conditions may be significantly lower. If dry weather conditions continue, growers may reduce normal fertilizer rates by over 50%. In some cases, producers may decide to split apply fertilizer and adjust rates based on rainfall amounts. 

In UNL on-ranch forage studies, pearl millet forage was higher in sulfur content compared to other summer forages. So, consider sampling forage leaves; field soil; and hay to determine if sulfur may be a limiting factor on long-term millet producing fields.

More details regarding summer annual forages management are available online at: https://cropwater.unl.edu.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Irrigation, Crops & Forage Educator, Todd Whitney

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

New technologies are constantly changing the way cattle are managed and produced.

One of the latest trends is using GPS sensors to track cattle movements.

On today's almanac, Nebraska extension staff, Yigi Zong and Mitch Stevenson talk about how useful GPS centoring can be in raising cattle.

[Yijie Xiong, Nebraska Extension Precision Livestock Management Specialis]

So a little bit on the global positioning system, which we call GPS system more often.

Um, so that is using set light, fixing to track an objective.

What we use, the GPS system for research is we currently have GPS for multiple projects and multiple objectives.

So one is, we're tracking the steers and make sure they, we know where they are grazing, so that we want the type that, the position system was their, individual contribution for the meth and emission, which is a global concern for um, greenhouse emission right now.

And that study has been done at.

The Imrak, Eastern, Nebraska, Extension and Education Center, oh, at Meade, on a really small plot.

I think a very interesting trend that we see is the fast and uh, advanced evolution for technology.

So, I think we all remember, uh, one of the 1st GPS study back in 1940 was documented as like, So all the position system was recorded by human observation, and the researchers actually documented, say, like full moon, and cart light is really beneficial to the study.

However, with the advancement of recent uh technology.

We were able to have those units on cattle.

And uh, we were able to um, afford them with a lot, cheaper price per unit, and more accuracy, and much better battery life.

So with the newer technology that I introduced in the beef article, um, is called internet of things technology, we were actually able to see the cattle or, Um, a.k.a. The sensory location in real time and also be able to download the data to the frequency that we want.

It doesn't matter if it's a one hour or 2 hours or 24 hours, we were able to utilize the newer technology for the type of research that we need was a much better and convenient data acquisition strategy.

[Mitch Stephenson, UNL Associate Director of the Panhandle Research, Extension and Education Center]

I think there's a lot of applications that we can think about just knowing where the animals are at.

And a lot of it ties to our grazing management in that regards, because a lot of our grazing management, if you think about more water or or fences or a lot of these other things are trying to control where those cattle are at, by having a GPS on an animal, you're able to see where they're spending most of their time, where some of the, the grazing management can really benefit an area for either getting it used more or getting it used less, depending on on some of the challenges that might be out there on a landscape.

Um, and so, you know, we've really tried to utilize GPS to better understand, uh, how things like topography to affect livestock grazing, and, um, knowing that they're going to spend more time in some of the lowlands, some of the flat planes relative to some of the slopes and the hills, if you have really kind of rough topography.

Also, examining how far cattle will go from water, how much they'll utilize an area at certain distances from water.

Those types of things can really help us better understand how cattle are utilizing the landscape and then ways that we can improve that harvest efficiency by maybe putting a fence in or putting additional water and those types of management practices.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

For Nebraska extension almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska extension almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans.

Go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

The importance of our pollinators can't be overestimated.

Without the work of these insects, a lot of what we enjoy for food and beauty wouldn't exist.

Nebraska extension associate educator Scott Evans says, planting a few flowers around your home is nice, but it might not be enough to help them thrive during the spring, summer, and fall.

He says good gardeners understand these insects need protection, as well as food sources all season long, and encourages us to think about blooming plants for each part of the growing season.

[Scott Evans, Nebraska Extension Associate]

Today we want to talk about a critical component of a habitat if that is 3 seasons of flowers.

We know that insects are active early spring till late fall.

We want to make sure that we're providing them the floral resources that they might need.

When it comes to our spring blooming plants, Sometimes we just think about tulips and daffodils, but we know that they're not providing the resources for our insects.

We want to incorporate plants, such as the wild geranium, the ground plump, the pasque flour.

A lot of our pintaments do very well here, but we don't want to limit just to perennials.

We can incorporate small shrubs and trees into the landscape, such as the viburnum, rich hazel, phothagilia, the French tree, and even the red, but.

They provide a lot of shelter for the habitat, and they help extend the bloom season.

When it comes to summer, we want to work with plants that have lots of different flower shapes, colors, and sizes.

We can work with cone flowers, golden rods, liatris, there's just a lot of plants that we can work with.

We're going to the garden center nowadays, we're seeing cultivars of our native plants.

We do know that native plants attract native insects.

So when you look at the cultivar, We want to make sure that that plant closely resembles the species type.

So that way, we're much more productive for the insects.

And when we start looking at some of our introduced plants that are not invasive, such as the hosta, that does really well in the shade, it provides a lot of resources for our insects.

Don't forget about our grasses, like our little blue stem, or even our baked blue stem, we have sedges, and we also have our annual herbs, such as basil, rosemary, parsley dill.

If we let those go to bloom, we can invite more insects into the landscape, we also know that Dylan personally is the larvae host for the black swallow butterfly.

When it comes to fall, our palate starts to shrink.

We know that we can work with our full blooming asters.

There are some great golden rods, such as Wichita mountains.

It does really well in the landscape, and it doesn't tend to spread.

So this summer, when you're in the garden, take a look at some of those gaps and the bloom times, and see where you can start filling in to make your pollinator habitat more successful and productive for the insects.

Protecting and promoting these insects, ensures we can continue to have the fruits and vegetables, we all enjoy growing and eating.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

As Scott said, there are plenty of great ornamentals you can choose that will not only give your landscape some beautiful blooming plants, that also be food sources for pollinators.

Make sure they have something to eat starting early in spring, and all the way to the frost in the fall.

For Nebraska extension almanac, I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Have you noticed tall weeds with umbrella-like clusters of white flowers in pastures, ditch banks, and along roadsides? It may be poison hemlock, a plant highly toxic to people and livestock.

Poison hemlock commonly grows in moist soils along streams, roadsides, fencelines, and low areas in pastures. It has finely divided, fern-like leaves and smooth, hollow stems with distinctive purple spots. This biennial grows as a low rosette its first year before producing a tall flowering stalk during its second.

Scout pastures before turnout, especially when forage is short or low in palatability. Livestock generally avoid poison hemlock, but may consume it when desirable forage is limited or when turned into a pasture hungry. Adequate forage, water, salt, and minerals can reduce abnormal grazing behavior, but do not make an infested pasture safe.

All parts of poison hemlock are toxic, and relatively small quantities can cause severe poisoning or death. The plant also remains dangerous after drying, making contaminated hay a potential risk.

Control is most effective during the rosette stage in fall or early spring, before plants bolt and flower. Avoid mowing or spraying while livestock remain in the area. Cutting or herbicide injury may make plants more palatable and easier to consume, so exclude livestock until treated plants are dead and no longer accessible.

Pasture and rangeland herbicide options include products containing 2,4-D, dicamba, or both, along with DuraCor®, Chaparral®, Graslan® L, Cimarron® Plus, and Escort® XP. Streamline® is labeled for certain noncrop sites, but its label prohibits grazing or feeding forage or hay from treated areas.

Consider impacts on clovers and other desirable broadleaf plants, along with grazing, haying, manure, and reseeding restrictions. Always confirm that the product is labeled for the intended site and follow all label directions.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman. 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Current extreme drought conditions in Western Nebraska, and recent wildfires can force some producers to make immediate livestock decisions.

Those decisions are obviously based on years of experience, the present weather condition, and current market situations, and they do carry tax issues as well.

On today's program, Tina Barrett from Nebraska Farm Business Inc. Discusses some tax issues.

Ranchers should consider when making important decisions based off of weather related crisis situations.

[Tina Barrett, Farm Business Inc. Director]

So starting with the livestock deferral rules.

We have 2 different rules.

So the 1st one comes from code section 451.

So that's our, that gives us a one year deferral of livestock, and then the other one comes from the involuntary conversion rules in in 1033.

Let's start with the one-year deferral.

This one allows us to take the excess income from the sale of livestock due to weather conditions and we can defer that to the next year.

So this can be any kind of lifestock.

Doesn't matter what, what, and kind of animal that was, if we sold more than we normally would have due to a, uh, weather condition.

Then we can use this as long as we qualify.

This one has a few more rules for qualification than the 2 year rule.

This one you have to be a cash basis taxpayer, which makes sense because as an accrual basis taxpayer, you would have an inventory adjustment for it and you wouldn't need to defer it.

Your principal business has to be farming.

So in the definition of this one, it means like 50% of your income needs to come from farming.

So it's a little different definition than being a qualified farmer.

And then the area has to be eligible for federal assistance.

And so presidential disaster declaration.

Uh, that comes through FEMA is a slam duck, no question.

You know, federal assistance, I think, can be a little bit broader than that too, if we're getting assistance through FSA, due to drought conditions or those kinds of things.

I think we can we can qualify for this deferral in that case too.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Tina explains what normal business practice is and what would be considered excessive sales that was needed during these weather events.

[Tina Barrett, Nebraska Farm Biz Director]

As we talk about those requirements.

It's got to be the sales, again, that exceed your normal business practice.

So, typically we think about that as a three-year average of the number of head.

So I've got an example here, we'll walk through, but so we look at the number of head that you sold for the past 3 years, and then compare that to the number of head you sold this year.

And the excess that we would have would be what we could defer.

So it's not quite like we can just say, I had a calf crop.

I normally sell my calf crop in January, and this year I sold them in October, so I have 2 calf checks and I'm going to take the October check and defer it to next year.

Can't do it that way.

We have to look at the numbers.

And so, uh, but again, we'll look at some examples here and make that hopefully make a little bit more sense.

Um, again, only the the income from those excess sales is deferred.

So we can't, you know, kind of pick and choose what kind of number we want to have there.

And again, it's only deferred to next year.

And so not, we can't go, you know, 2 years out on this one.

It's just the next tax year.

When we have breeding livestock that is purchased, it makes it a little bit more complicated because we do need to take into account. You know, some of the other, uh, the basis issues.

But for the most part, here we'd be able to get on the one year deferral, just defer that, excess income to the next year, and then calculate that gain as we move on.

I mentioned a couple things that we could look at proof of weather conditions.

Again, like I said, that presidential disaster declaration is going to be a guarantee all the time.

Now that doesn't have to come before the sale.

So if sometime in 26, uh, we would get a disaster declaration in your county, or in your area, then then that way we could still use that as proof for why we deferred that on the tax return.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Stay tuned for future programs where Tina explains much more details about forced livestock sales due to unfortunate weather conditions and the tax implications that come with it.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

New federal regulations are giving farmers an opportunity to add farmland to program payments by recalculating their base acres.

Part one of this discussion, extension educator Anastasia Meyer talked about why these changes are a great opportunity for farmers who might qualify for the recalculation.

On today's program, she begins by explaining what producers need to do, if they don't have any existing base acres on their operation, which might rely on a county average.

[Anastasia Meyer, Nebraska Extension Educator]

Well, it depends, right?

That's a big question.

Are you an average producer?

That is probably about the same as a county yield.

Are you an amazing producer?

Because then that's going to hurt you if the county averages is actually lower than yours.

Or if you are a subpar, you know, it's great.

But really, let's let's remember that the yield is only going to be important, if you were enrolled in price loss coverage and PLC.

And then this whole yield thing is a little bit interesting, right?

Because I mentioned the fact that in 2014, we had the chance to reallocate our base acres.

So if you reallocated, and if you are base right now, it's currently what you plant.

You're just probably going to see that yield swept into that new base acre.

So if you plant a corn and soybean rotation and that's what your base acres are, there's probably not any concern for you.

But let's again, talking to my area, we saw a lot of producers here keep their grain sorghum and wheat base acres, because at that time, remember, we were signing up for a 5 year farm bill.

And at that time they, those were paying pretty good.

So they decided to keep it.

Now, if you're adding new base based off of what you've been planting the last 5 years.

You're probably going to be seeing corn and soybean base acres added on to your farm that you already have wheat and grain sorghum.

So what yields do you use if you don't have any of that already associated to that farm number?

These are when you're going to see those county average yield.

So I don't know if it's going to truly affect a lot of people.

Um, but I do know that they're, that it is going to affect some that maybe chose to keep their old base and not reallocate to the new base.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Anastasia explains that old base numbers aren't in play here.

She talks about how the new provisions are for new base acres only.

[Anastasia Meyer, Nebraska Extension Wizard]

Yeah, so remember, this is only adding new base.

We cannot touch any of our old base.

We cannot reallocate it to what we currently plant.

We cannot increase our yield.

Um, we can't do any of that.

And remember, this is what they are basing the Art County and the price loss coverage payments on, right?

What's your bases enrolled on, not what you're currently planting?

So, again, yield is only going to matter for those price loss coverage base acres that are enrolled in it.

And it's only our county is going to be using the county average yield.

And so the really yield's not going to affect that at all.

It's just kind of what's on paper at FSA.

Um, so I wouldn't get too concerned about it.

Um, I've kind of been telling people there isn't anything to it, but to do it, right?

I don't see why you would opt out of it, especially when we don't know what future legistration is going to base any farm payments on, right?

Right, now we've been seeing a lot of these ad hoc, um, payments, so the e-cap, and a lot of payments that are based off of what you truly plant, not what your base acres are in.

So if we go more towards that in the future, this means nothing.

But if we stick with this whole method of giving payment based off of what your base acres are, this is when we really want to increase them while we can, because we might have the chance to reallocate again in the future or update yields again in the future.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Today's program was based on an article and the Farmcast podcast produced by UNL Center for Ag Profitability.

To read the article, or to listen to the entire interview, go to CAP.UNL.edu, or download from Apple Podcasts or Spotify.

For Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I am Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Summer annual forages such as sudangrass, sorghum-sudan hybrids and pearl millet planted this spring soon could be ready to graze.  There are some grazing guidelines to help avoid potential hazards.

The first guideline is to never turn hungry animals into sudangrass or sorghum-type pastures.  The reason why is because they may eat so rapidly that they could get a quick overdose of prussic acid and die.  All sudangrass and sorghum-type hybrids can produce a compound called prussic acid that is potentially poisonous.  Prussic acid, which also is called cyanide, is nothing to fear, though, as long as you use a few precautions to avoid problems.

The highest concentration of prussic acid is in new young shoots, so let your grass get a little growth on it before grazing to help dilute out the prussic acid.  Let sudangrass get 15 to 18 inches in height before grazing.  Sorghum-sudan hybrids usually have a little more prussic acid risk, so wait until they are 18 to 24 inches tall.

Pearl millet does not contain prussic acid so if you planted millet these grazing precautions aren’t needed.  Pearl millet can be grazed when it reaches 12 to 15 inches tall.

Nitrates also can accumulate in these grasses, particularly when there are droughty conditions and/or excess nitrogen fertilization.  Avoid grazing these grasses too short, since nitrate concentration is highest in the lower parts of the stems.

Summer annual grasses respond best to a simple, rotational grazing system.  Divide fields into three or more smaller paddocks of a size that your animals can graze down to about eight or so inches of leafy stubble within 7 to 10 days.  Repeat this procedure with all paddocks.  If grass in some paddocks gets too tall, it could be cut for hay.

A well-planned start, a good rotation, and a little rain can give you good pasture from these grasses all the rest of the summer.  For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Range and Forage Specialist, Jerry Volesky.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Federal commodity payment programs are based on what's known as base acres.

That base acre number for farmers has not changed in years, or even decades, but new federal farm regulations have given farmers a chance to add new base acres, extension educator, Anastasia Meyer explains, what's changed, and who might qualify.

[Anastasia Meyer, Nebraska Extension Educator]

The fact that we have not been able to add any base acres on ground that is farmed since the 1980s, right?

So we have been stuck with the same amount of base acres as what was happening back then.

Um, And the simple fact of it comes down to a lot of these barn program payments are based off of what you have base acres in, not what you're planting, but what how many base acres you have and what it is enrolled in.

So this is what's exciting about this one big beautiful Bill Act. And landowners are starting to see these postcards come in the mail from the farm service agency saying, hey, you can now review it starting June one.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Anastasia discusses how base acres are established and the difference between that and actual crop acres.

[Anastasia Meyer, Nebraska Extension Educator]

Base acres were established in the 1985 farm build.

So if the producer who was farming it signed up for the 1985 farm bill, congratulations, you got base acres.

So if you're farming a piece of ground that maybe was not enrolled in or it was pasture and now you actually farm it, you don't have any base acres on that field because it was not signed up for in the 1985 farm bill.

And in the 1985 farm bill.

What you planted is what those base acres were established in.

And then in 2014, we had the chance to do some reallocation of bake acres, which means that we were able to say that in my area that we farm in.

We had a lot of base acres in corn, and sorry, in wheat in Milo, grain sorghum, and not in corn and soybeans, because that's what they planted back in 1985.

So you were able to reallocate if you wanted to or not.

We were able to update yields.

Most people did update yields.

And then in 2018, we had a chance to update yields again.

Not a lot of people could, though.

So this is why this change is so exciting for people who are now farming a lot more acres and what they currently have base acres in.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

The new legislation comes with a few math problems that farmers will need to figure out in order to qualify for more base acres.

Anastasia says it's a pretty simple process to calculate.

[Anastasia Meyer, Nebraska Extension Educator]

So the really great thing about this is there's not a lot of calculations are really anything to do for producers or landowners to look at.

Essentially, what they're going to look at is that what you planted or what your producer planted from 2019 to 2023.

And they're going to compare it to your 2024 base acres.

If you have more acres planted or prevent plant certified at the FSA, then what you currently have base acres in, you're gonna be able to increase them.

Um, it's a simple form.

A lot of the postcards that are getting sent out at is just an, for your information, right?

You can opt out of adding base anchors.

But I don't know why any landowner or producer truly would.

So yes, it's going to look at 2019 to 23.

They're going to see.

Are you eligible or not?

Um, and then we get into a little bit more of the, nitty gritty details, right?

There is a cap.

So we're not going to see a one to one addition most likely.

So by saying that, if I farm 100 acres, I plant 100 acres and I only have 40 base acres.

I'm probably not going to be able to get up to 100.

But I'm probably going to be able to get some more.

I don't know the certain percentage yet.

I don't even think FSA knows that yet.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

There is much more to this discussion to come on a future extension almanac program for Nebraska Extension Almanac.

I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media, and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. On a recent almanac program, extension ag policy specialist Brad Lubin discussed how the overall farm income in Nebraska is projected to increase significantly, but that projection could send a mixed message to crop producers or cattle ranchers. He talked about the struggles in the crop market, and on today's program, He encouraged his caution to cattle producers who have been enjoying record market numbers in Nebraska.

[Brad Lubben, Nebraska Extension Ag Policy Specialist]
Cattle are about 90% of livestock receipts.

So it really is cattle driving the sector, which is supporting the overall ag economy at this point.

We also could point to over the last 4 years from 2022 forward.

Back in 2022, total crop receipts equaled total livestock receipts at about $16 billion.

Since that time, cropper seats had fallen to 12.

That's a 25% drop.

Livestock receipts had risen to 24.

A dramatic increase.

Livestock receipts in Nebraska are now double crop receipts.

They were equal 4 years ago.

Uh, That doesn't make everything easy for the cattlemen.

Obviously, there's always sort of the challenge of where are the profits in the cattle sector at processing or feeding or backgrounding or the cow calf operation.

Eventually, they're accruing back to some very good prices for feeder cattle and cal calf producers at the moment.

But then cow calf producers can't easily respond to that price signal and say, hey, it's a great time to, uh, it's a great time to grow the herd.

In part, because today's prices make replacement happer is more expensive too. And bowls and investment costs, more expensive, in order to produce a calf that doesn't come for that doesn't come to market for about 2 years or more, at a time when maybe prices will be softer than they are today.

So the economics of expansion aren't necessarily record prices mean we should grow the herd.

It's also true that even if we wanted to grow the herd.

Drought concerns have decreased some of our grazing supplies in the state, wildfire losses earlier this spring have certainly hurt that as well.

Um, You have a capacity constraint in how we can really grow the herd.

And so the economic decisions about growing a livestock sector even in the midst of record returns isn't that easy.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Brad talks about how government payments have played a significant role to the producer's bottom line.

[Brad Lubben, Nebraska Extension Ag Policy Specialist]
The government payment portion of the bottom line here is such a big deal this year.

We're talking in 2026 about projected government payments in Nebraska from all sources, about $3000000000 dollars.

That's $3000000000 of government payments in a bottom line of almost $10 billion.

The change from last year, net farm incomes up about a billion.

Government payments are up about one. 3 billion.

So it is more than the total change in net farm income, just from the government safety net here.

But dig into that safety in a little bit, and we understand both the support that's entered as well as the uncertainty that's in it.

We have the underlying commodity program supports.

Four years ago, they were minimal because we had higher prices and farm program payments that didn't fundamentally pay out.

In the coming year, they could be in excess of $700 million. Substantially higher than where we've been.

And so a dramatic increase in the safety net.

Well, that's what came about because of the 2025 budget reconciliation bill and the increases in government safety net support levels.

Those 1st immediately affected the 2025 crop program year, but the 2025 crop program year doesn't pay out until the fall of 2026.

And so we have this cash flow that shows up later this year.

But that increased safety net will dramatically increase the support going forward for producers.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
There are many more aspects to this issue, and to read a detailed article, or to listen to the entire interview, go to UNL Center for Ag Profitability’s website, at CAP.unl.edu, or download from Apple Podcasts, or Spotify. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

By mid-summer, summer annual grasses like foxtail, sandbur, and crabgrass are already up and growing—and they’re starting to cause issues in perennial hay or pasture fields.

At this point in the season, pre-emergent herbicides are no longer an effective control option for already growing summer annual weeds. Our best bet is to focus on post-emergent control and timely harvest management. In Roundup Ready® alfalfa, a labeled glyphosate product is a solid option—just be sure to treat while weeds are still small and before the alfalfa canopy blocks spray coverage.

In conventional alfalfa, grass-selective herbicides like Select®, Assure®, or Poast® can still work on smaller grasses. Follow the label closely for height limits and grazing or harvest restrictions.

If weeds are already well established, burn-down products like Gramoxone® may be your best shot. Apply immediately after cutting—before much alfalfa regrowth occurs—to knock back annual grasses with limited damage to the stand.

In mixed alfalfa-grass fields, your herbicide options are even more limited.  The only post emergent product we might consider is Pursuit®, which may stunt perennial grasses.  This doesn’t disqualify it as an option, but be aware it may open the door for more weed pressure.

This late in the season, cultural controls like adjusting harvest timing and maintaining a dense, vigorous stand may do more for long-term control than a spray pass. And remember—no herbicide will make up for poor timing.

Summer grasses are a challenge, but with a sharp eye and well-timed management, you can still limit their impact and protect your hay quality.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Nebraska's recent wildfires have devastated thousands of acres of pasture lands. Extension educators Ben Beckman and Ryan Benjamin talk about a few tips to help ranchers reduce the risk of fire on their past years. Ryan starts off the program with a simple tip to encourage producers to keep vehicles away from tall, dry grass.

[Ryan Benjamin, Nebraska Extension Educator]
Yeah, so I think one of the things that we were talking about before we started recording was kind of the fuel load out there, because we never really had any snow this winter, a lot of our grass fuels that typically would kind of be pushed down onto the ground is still standing vertical and very easily ignited.

So one of the big things that we talk about is vehicle traffic through the pasture and just it being so dry and still having that tall standing fuel, pretty easy to start a fire with vehicles.

And so one of the main themes of the, the article is talking about, you know, the different types of vehicles and considering what to drive.

Pickups tend to have lower exhaust systems and ones that get quite warm due to catalytic converters or region on some of these diesel pickups.

And so that exhaust system is very much hot enough to start a fire.

Um, we've seen it happen several times here where I'm at.

And so tending to use more side by sides and 4 wheelers can be helpful.

A lot of times, 4 wheelers and side by side, that exhaust system is, you know, tucked up a little higher in the body.

It's a little easier to avoid some of the tall fuels with a smaller vehicle.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Ben says another simple tip would be to have clear communication with your farm staff or younger family members about pastor driving and parking.

[Ben Beckman, Nebraska Extension Educator]
Some of where this was coming down through too, is how can we make a comprehensive list?

So, you know, when you're having somebody on your operation that maybe isn't used to ranching, isn't used to working in dry conditions like this or hasn't done it before, or maybe is just, you know, a little bit younger in age and isn't thinking through everything quite as clearly just ready to go out and get work done, being able to have these conversations and have it all in one place.

And so, yeah, just talking through, like Ryan said, you know, tall grass, if it's dry, avoid that if possible, driving in areas where it's green, where we've got shorter vegetation, so we don't have that risk of things brushing up against hot equipment.

Where do we park on a place that's going to have shorter vegetation, green vegetation?

You know, if there's a bear patch, just some of those practices, you know, keeping an eye on a vehicle after we've driven a little bit, just being aware of, you know, how long we've driven sometimes even can make a big difference.

You know, if we just drove a mile to go check a pasture, that exhaust still has, you know, the risk of being hot, but it's not going to be as hot as if we drove that vehicle for 30 miles to, you know, town and back and then went to go check a pasture after that.

Just being aware of some of those things.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Ryan points out, basic tools available to respond to a fire situation can make all the difference in prevention.

[Ryan Benjamin, Nebraska Extension Educator]
One person with a shovel early on can do a whole lot of good and preventing a large fire.

The other thing that we really encourage producers to do is carry like one of those big silver, like 2.5 gallon water can fire extinguishers.

You can get them fairly affordable and they're reusable, which is the big reason that I like them.

You know, a lot of guys carry them on the tractor, on the Baylor or whatnot, but having one in your picket too is a good idea.

When a fire's small, it's pretty easy to, to get it stopped, but the bigger it gets the, the more it requires.

And so if something does start and you think it's something that's more than you can take care of, just call the fire department quick.

I'm on the volunteer fire department up here and and we would much rather you call us and turn us around if you get it under control than just having a huge incident and and spending a lot of time trying to catch up and and get that thing stopped.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was a portion of an interview taken from a recent beef watch podcast offered by Nebraska extension. To hear the entire interview, Go to beef.unl.edu, or download from Apple Podcasts or Spotify. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Is your pasture paying its way? This is a question I have heard lately with regards to changing input costs. Before your cattle hit the field, here's a quick way to check if your pasture covers its costs. Let’s run the numbers:

Suppose you fertilize a subi-irrigated meadow on cool- or warm‑season grasses. Let’s assume after we fertilize, this will boost our forage yield by 0.75/ ton per acre. 

Let’s assume hay is valued at $120/ton, that extra 0.75 tons is worth $90/acre, so you must spend less than that on fertilizer to break even. If hay prices rise to $150/ton, your break-even fertilizer investment increases to $112.50/acre. 

But that’s just yield. In continuous grazing systems, livestock typically harvest only 25–35% of the forage, the rest is lost through trampling, fouling, or things of that nature. This dramatically eats into your return on your investment.

To get your money’s worth, combine fertilization with good grazing management, with things like rotational grazing across at least 4 paddocks. This not only improves forage utilization, it helps cover those fertilizer costs 

Here’s a quick formula, if your total cost per acre is $150 ($X), and your hay value is $120/ton (Y), then:

Break-even yield = $150 ÷ $120 or X÷Y or roughly 1.25 tons per acre

Make sure you're getting that much forage after accounting for utilization. If you're falling short, consider cutting costs, boosting efficiency, or renting extra grazing ground to balance the budget.

For additional information about this topic go to beef.unl.edu. For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I am Nebraska Extension Agricultural Economics Educator Shannon Sand.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Nebraska farmers have had to deal with hail damage for most of their lives. Recent hail damage has affected crops, and extension instructor Talon Muse says, a dose of patience goes a long way when dealing with hail damage.

[Talon Muse, Nebraska Extension Instructor]
After a hailstorm or some other kind of large storm that's going to impact your crop, things can often look worse right after that storm hail occurs.

And really, so the patience is important because we want to see what that damage is really actually going to look like when that plant starts to regrow.

Um, and so patience is important, especially if it's cool and wet.

Those plants are gonna recover a lot slower.

Um, because a lot of times we see a lot of, um, damage to leaves and those kinds of things, but those aren't necessarily the most critical parts of that plant for sustaining um, growth.

Um, And so when we when we see a lot of that damage on the leaves and those kinds of things, they're maybe not as critical, especially here early in the season.

Um, and so seeing how those plants recover is gonna be really critical, especially when making uh, financial decisions. That could be really impactful to a farming operation.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Talon says this early in the season, hail events could trigger some disease issues with corn and soybeans.

[Talon Muse, Nebraska Extension Instructor]
I would say with corn, the main 2 that you're probably going to be looking for our bacterial leaf streak, um, which is a bacterial disease that can get in through wounds.

It occurs a lot in normally with corn.

Uh, and it's really not a huge factor when it comes to end of the season yield.

We have not really been able to show that bacterial leaf streak is causing severe yield loss or anything like that.

Um, so that will show up.

It'll make your plants look kind of clarotic kind of yellow, and it'll be in nice wavy streaks on your leaves.

Um, The other more of a concern is Goss's wilt, uh, and leaf blight.

And so this disease has 2 different kind of separate phases.

More commonly, we see the leaf blight symptoms that require wounds or entry points on those plants.

And so after hail, it is very common to see that more than you would on a normal year.

Um, and so what that happens is that it takes up a lot of that photosynthetic area of the plant, um, but more severely, if it happens early on in the season, it can move into the stock and become systemic.

And so we get a systemic wilt, um, that impacts the whole plant, which will really impact the grain fill stages, reproductive stages, um, that contribute to yield.

And so that's why it's important to be on the lookout for the Goss's wilt.

It appears as necrosis along injury wounds where it shows up.

Um, it will kind of appear almost kind of shiny as it's a bacteria that exudes uh, bacterial cells onto the leaf surface, and it'll occasionally have freckles.

So black freckling um, in kind of those brownish necrotic spots, uh, along leaves.

And then if you're seeing, obviously, any wilt symptoms, you can cut those stems or stalks of that corn in half and you'll even be able to see some of that necrosis in, um, maybe even some potential bacterial like exudation, um, from those if you're seeing wilt symptoms, uh, because it will move into the stalk and cause other severe issues there.

For soybeans, we don't have near as many issues with bacterial diseases.

Um, there are some diseases like uh, bacterial blight, those kinds of things will move into those wounded tissues, and those kinds of things.

Um, There may be some bacterial stem, uh, diseases, but nothing that's gonna really, that we found that really significantly contributes to yield loss, uh, down the road.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska Extension Almanac. I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Outdoor activities during the upcoming summer can be ruined by pesky mosquitoes. 
Nebraska extension urban etymologist Jody Green says, the right clothing and smart use of repellents are a good defense against mosquitoes. But she also talks about a few common sense ideas for keeping the population under control around your house.

[Jody Green, Nebraska Extension Urban Entomologist]
Mosquitoes can breed in places you might not have thought of.

And she suggests scouting around your home for places that can collect water.

It's finally summertime, and that's a time for grilling out with friends, working in the garden, harvesting some of our food crops, and it's also a time for mosquitoes.

So let's talk about what we can do to protect ourselves from mosquito bites this summer.

Mosquitoes are semi aquatic, which means they spend most of their lifecycle in aquatic environments.

The female mosquito lays her eggs near or on the surface of the water, where her larvae and pupe will develop.

As adults, she is very mobile, and she feeds not only on blood, but males and female mosquitoes, we'll feed on nectar from flowering plants in the garden.

We want to protect ourselves from mosquito bites, because mosquitoes can transmit viruses, such as West Nile virus and St.

Louis encephalitis.

We can protect ourselves by, one, reducing the population of mosquitoes in our landscape and nearby areas, and, two, by preventing them from biting us, by wearing repellents.

One of the things we can do is dump standing water.

Mosquitoes can breed in the smallest amount of water which includes a planter, a tree hole, a bird batter, or some tires left in the yard.

When the water is left stagnant, mosquitoes can complete their life cycle, and as little as seven to 10 days, adult mosquitoes, on the other hand, can fly in from up to two miles away.

So even if they're not breeding in your yard, they can fly in from neighboring yards and from the vegetation that they rest in during the day.

Besides dumping, standing water, you can also treat the water that you can't be dumped with mosquito dunks or bacillus, thyringensis, Israeli enses.

This is a bacterial product that the larvae of mosquitoes eat that will wipe them out, but it is not toxic to wildlife, birds, fish, and humid.

Another thing you can do is avoid going outside during times that mosquitoes are most active in your area, like dawn and desk.

You can wear loose feeding clothing, a light color, so mosquitoes can land on you but not bite.

But again, that mosquito repellent, that's EPA approved, is recommended, so mosquitoes won't land on you.

Make sure to fix your screens, to your house, keep your doors closed when not new, so mosquitoes aren't flying into your home.

You can also run a fan when you're sitting outside on a porch, so mosquitoes have a hard time landing, and we'll go away.

One of the things you can do is share this information with your neighbors and your homeowners' association, because mosquito populations is a community wide problem.

And the more people dumping standing water and reducing their populations in their own yard will make the whole neighborhood a mosquito free place.

Keeping mosquitoes under control can be as simple as draining water that may have collected in plant containers, children's toys, low areas in the landscape, or tires that are around the area, wearing the proper clothing and using repellents, will also keep mosquitoes from biting you.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Rained-on hay plagues all of us eventually.  The 'windrow disease' that often follows presents lingering problems.

Windrow disease — that’s the name given to the striped appearance in fields where alfalfa windrows remained so long that regrowth underneath was delayed.  Usually, it’s due to rained on hay.

Windrow disease presents special challenges.  Weeds often invade, requiring spraying to maintain quality and protect stands.  During the next growth period, plants that were not smothered regrow rapidly, while plants underneath the windrow suffer delays.  Part of the field often will begin to bloom while windrow-stressed plants are still short and tender.  So, when do you harvest?  When the first plants begin to bloom, or do you wait until injured plants are ready?

I suggest using two factors to tell you when you should cut — the health and vigor of your stand and the nutrient needs of your livestock.  For example, is your alfalfa stand young, healthy and regrowing well?  If not, wait to cut until stunted plants begin to bloom so you can avoid weakening them even more.

But, if your alfalfa is in good shape, then cut when it will best meet the needs of your animals.  Dairy cows need alfalfa that is cut early, so harvest when the first plants reach bud to early bloom stage.  Regrowth of injured plants may be slow after cutting, but this sacrifice is needed for profitable milk production.  Beef cows, though, do not need such rich hay.  So, if the hay will be fed to beef cattle, let stunted plants recover, and then cut when they are ready to bloom.

Hopefully, by next cut, growth will be more uniform, plants healthy, and production back to normal.  For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Range and Forage Specialist, Jerry Volesky.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Nebraska Farm income is expected to have record highs this year, but that statement could be misleading depending upon what you raise on your operation. Projections show overall income should increase by 12% to near $10 billion mainly due to a continued strong cattle market. Crop producers on the other hand, are struggling due to many factors including record production expenses. 
Nebraska extension ag policy specialist Brad Lubben, talks about record returns for cattle producers, as well as the struggles for crop farmers, on part one of this examination of farm income projections in Nebraska.

[Brad Lubben, Nebraska Extension Ag Policy Specialist]
In aggregate.

The NeFarm income projections from Nebraska look like they will reach a record that is near $10 billion.

Uh, that would be substantially above the previous record of 2023.

It's substantially above the outcome last year in 2025.

And so we're talking about a real strong aggregate farm income scenario for the state.

Even as we know, we're concerned about headlines and issues and questions about the strength of the egg sector.

Let's clarify for sure that any aggregate estimate like the state farm income estimates don't accurately capture what's happening in a specific sector or commodity, or region, or certainly any particular farm operation.

So there's always uh, distribution around the mean.

There's always some variability going on there.

But what we can see in the story is fundamentally what I described as a tale of 2 farms, or maybe more specifically a tale of a farm and a ranch, because there are 2 very different sectors going very different directions, that are the principal drivers behind the farm economic outlook that we see both in aggregate and the headlines that we read about on a regular basis here.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Brad focuses in on the struggles for crop producers, talks about some possible positive indicators in the coming months.

[Brad Lubben, Nebraska Extension Ag Policy Specialist]
We see if we back up to 2022 or 2023. 2022 as a record farm income year in the United States, Nebraska actually struggled a bit in 2022 with drought conditions and some declines in production.

So 2023 is actually when Nebraska had previously set a record.

But what we know fundamentally from that period of time is that crop economics have been deteriorating continuously over that time period.

Lower commodity prices, as we came off of some record price levels and as we sort of refreshed the available supplies, We saw lower commodity prices over time.

We saw continued inflationary pressure on production costs, particularly some of the purchased inputs that we have in crop production, seed, fertilizer, chemicals, energy costs, et cetera.

So we saw erosion for the crop sector on both sides, lower revenues, higher cost, shrinking margins.

That has fundamentally been going downhill for the better part of 4 years.

The projection for 2026 is actually relatively stable with 2025.

So we hope that we see a turn in conditions here.

We know that there is more inflationary pressure on input cost even since this analysis was put together back in the early springtime period.

Fertilizer costs have been going up, seemingly nonstop.

That doesn't all translate into 2026 numbers because some of the 2026 fertilizer would have already been pre-purchased or or applied earlier.

But we know that pressure is there.

On the other hand, we also see some of the overall market uncertainty and inflationary pressure is translated into some increases in crop prices since the time of this analysis.

So there may be even a little bit of relief on the crop receipt side, but suffice to say, even if margins are relatively stable at the moment.

They're stable at a much smaller margin than they were just 4 years ago.

And that's the pressure we see on the crop side that translates into financial concerns, cash flow concerns, and economic challenges for producers.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
We'll focus more on this topic of farm income on future almanac programs. For Nebraska extension almanac. I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Since the first cutting of alfalfa has been completed in much of the state, Nebraska producers may be tempted to believe our troubles with alfalfa weevil are over. Unfortunately, this may not be the case. Alfalfa weevil feeding on regrowth has been reported in some fields, so scouting is highly recommended, particularly if you notice that regrowth doesn’t begin within 4-5 days after cutting.

Alfalfa plants usually suffer the most injury and economic damage before the first cutting, however, feeding on regrowth can have impacts as well. While larvae cause the most damage, adults can also cause damage by feeding along leaf margins and leaving irregular notches. Adult beetles are roughly 5mm in length with a blunt snout and a brown body covered in golden hairs. Larvae are 1.5mm to 8.5mm long with a black head, wrinkled green body, and white stripe along the back and will curl into a C-shape when disturbed.

Scouting for alfalfa weevil is simple and can help mitigate economic losses. Randomly select 5 sites across the field and collect 6 stems at each site, cutting the stems at ground level. Beat the stems into a deep sided white bucket and count the number of larvae to determine the average number per stem. Economic thresholds for alfalfa weevil can vary greatly from an average of 1-7 larvae per stem, depending on a variety of factors.

While there are several insecticides labeled for alfalfa weevil management, some Nebraska weevil populations may be losing susceptibility to the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin. Therefore, if you believe you have an infestation above threshold, contact your county Extension Office for further guidance.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Crops & Water Educator, Samantha Daniel.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. On a recent almanac program, Dr. Pedro Fontes from the University of Georgia, shared some interesting research data that suggested overconditioned bulls, could have a negative impact on their fertility. On today's program, he points out previous research that is pointed to a cow's conditioning could impact embryo development.

[Pedro Fontes, Associate Professor, University of Georgia]
But current research suggests that bull's condition and nutrition could affect that development as well.

We know that as you go around the country, right?

There's several situations where we see bulls potentially getting a little bit more overconditioned, more on the overconditioned side.

So getting a lot of questions on that, that kind of drew my interest on potentially trying to understand what is that?

Is there really an association between both getting overconditioned and potentially some detrimental effects on both fertility and so forth?

So we've been working on that area for about 4 to 5 years now.

And I think we generated some interesting data to help producers make some informed decisions as we think about both development.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Pedro says that bull body condition is critical to optimal breeding, but says there's a negative impact if they are overconditioned.

[Pedro Fontes, Associate Professor, University of Georgia]
So when we started our work here, we 1st did, we call a somewhat of an observational study, where we go out there and we collect BSE records from different bowl development programs, across the southeast, and basically, we were initially asking ourselves, is there any association between semen parameters and bowl overcondition, right?

Let's call it, let's call it overcondition for now.

But the way we approach this, is we got this large data set, and with BSE's records, and we also had carcassotrasound data on those bowls.

And what we were able to do is sort those balls based on the amount of subcultaneous back fat that they had in their car cuts ultrasound.

And that's when we initially started seeing those associations, right?

We noticed that as subcultaneous back fat thickness increase in the carcass ultrasound, we noticed that the morphology defects in the breeding soundness exam also gradually increase as well.

And one of the interesting things that we notice is that if you look at the balls that were in the top 10 or 20% of our population of balls in the study for subcultaneous back fat thickness, those balls were in fact, they had greater probability of failing their BSCs.

So that was the initial evidence that we were able to see that association and then as you start going into the literature.

There's quite a lot of research coming out of Canada and the late 90s exploring that idea of bowover condition that supports this concept that when both get over conditioned.

We have an increase in spur morphology defects.

And then more recently, we've been looking into a little bit further, potentially an effect of the bone nutritional program, not only on the ability of that sperm to move or how that sperm looks in a morphology examination, but also the ability of that sperm to fertilize an o side, an egg, right?

And generate a healthy embryo that could hopefully create a pregnancy.

And what's interesting is that since we started working on those post-filization events, we also saw a negative impact of bulls being overconditioned.

So we get those balls over condition within a control, experimental setting, and then we collect balls, collected balls and run these balls in collaboration with the University of Florida.

Right now we have about 3 experiments exploring that.

We run those both through an IVF routine.

And what we see is that ember production goes down.

When we use those bulls that are overconditioned.

And the way we interpret this is that maybe we're not only influencing the sperm parameters itself, but once that sperm fertilizes an egg, fertilizes an other side, the ability of the eroside should develop into a healthy embryo is impaired by the sire diet.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Dr. Fontes presented more information and research results on this topic, on a recent beef watch podcast produced by Nebraska extension.  To hear the entire interview, go to beef.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts or Spotify. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Garter snakes are a common site here in Nebraska. 
Extension wildlife specialist Dennis Ferraro says not only are they harmless, but beneficial as they eat a lot of our pest insects, but he does offer some tips to keeping them away from your home.

[Dennis Ferraro, UNL School of Natural Resources Professor of Practice]
The way to tell it's a garter snake in Nebraska.

Three distink lines down to body.

Those lines could be any color.

Now, the one thing about these snakes.

They virtually carry no germs, viruses, fleas or ticks that will transfer to people, and they're beneficial.

They eat earthworms and insects.

So their teeth are very small, less than an eighth of an inch.

If you see them, let them be.

However, if you're one of those people who have trouble letting them be in your yard, even though they're completely beneficial and harmless, there is some things you can do to discourage them from getting in your home and being around your landscape.

And one of the only things that work is exclusion.

If you have rock walls that are loose, they love that.

If you have railroad Thai walls, or Thai walls that are very loose.

They also like that to reproduce in.

So go to a tight landscaping.

Also, they love tall grass.

Keeping the grass well groomed and low. Will also discourage the garter snakes.

Now around the house, you can use different types of landscaping.

You don't want to use things like river rock.

They like the river rock, they can get down in the river rock.

They can actually have their babies in the river rock.

So that I would discourage the river rock up next to the house when it comes to garter snakes.

Woodchips, they also love, 'cause wood chips would attract insects, and they love those insects.

That's like a bed and breakfast.

The one kind of landscaping they seem to dislike the most is lava rock.

This sharp rock.

They don't like to crawl across it, and they don't like to crawl into it, because it cuts up that very tender scale in the front of their face.

So lava rock, about 6 inches deep, 2 foot out from the house, is not the greatest landscaping for plants, but it's excellent for keeping snakes away from the house.

The other thing is, sometimes, and every year, I get several people calling me that snakes get in their house.

If you think a guttersnake has gotten into the home, There's several places you can look.

The most prominent place would be the basement. Or first floor.

They like to go where it's warm and moist.

Under a dishwasher, under a hot water heater, under some place where there's a lot of moisture and heat, maybe by the furnace.

Another thing you can do is use bacon soda or talc powder, put it down in areas where you think it may be, and then the next morning, look for tracks to see which way the snake went.

Once you find a place where the snake could be, there's several ways you can capture it, you can put a towel, a crumped up towel that's moist in a corner, and a dark place, and stretch another towel over it.

Or you can use what we call a snake glue board, which is just a board that has glue and stripes.

The snake goes into this small snake glue board, gets stuck, and then you bring it outside, put vegetable oil on it, and the snake is released.

So, if snakes around the yard, first thing, education.

Try to educate yourself to live with them and enjoy their beneficial attributes.

If you still can't seem to live with them in your yard, in your area, there's several things you can do to keep them away.

Remember, don't spend money on a lot of things like repellents, because most of those have been proven not to work.

Go with exclusion.

Exclusion is your best friend when you don't want the snakes around.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

What does it cost to rent pasture this year? 2026 results are out for Nebraska cash rental rates.  According to the latest survey, average monthly rates for grazing pasture have increased between 2% and 8% compared to the previous grazing season.

The north reporting district primarily the Sandhills has the highest average cow-calf pair monthly rate at $82.10. The northeast and central districts are not far behind at $77.35 and $74.60 per month, respectively. The northwest district (the Panhandle) had the lowest rates at just over $56.45 per month. Elsewhere in Nebraska, rates generally fall in the $60 to $69 per month range.

Pasture rent can vary for many reasons. Landlord involvement in fencing, water, and management responsibilities has a significant impact, as does grassland quality, pasture location, and cattle size. Tradition, individual relationships, and local demand may also influence rates.

Whether you are looking to rent pasture or have pasture available, a written lease agreement is essential. These agreements can include a number of stipulations, but at minimum should specify the number of cattle, the length of the grazing period (or stocking rate), and how a drought or other unforeseen event will be handled.

For Today’s Pasture and Forage Minute I am Nebraska Extension Agricultural Economics Educator Shannon Sand

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Despite increases in beef prices at the grocery store, Americans still aren't slowing down their purchases. Nebraska extension educator Alfredo Deaconstanzo says, in fact, consumers have spent more on beef than they have in the past decade. He talks about how beef still has a bright future and why.

[Alfredo DiConstanzo, Nebraska Extension Educator]
As you indicate that that analysis tells us that beef and the form of roast, uh, steaks and ground beef has increased from 50 to 54% since uh, 2016.

That's one segment of those surveys from the same US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

On the other hand, there is a nice set, as I said, before that tracks what individual, what households, and I'll explain what a household is in a minute, spend on beef.

A household, by the way, is defined by 2.4 people, which is obviously resulting from the survey.

So imagine, you know, a regular home with mom and dad and a child pretty much is kind of what that says, but of course, has to take into consideration single family homes, et cetera.

And this cuts across the demographics, right?

We're not looking at any backgrounds or anything, just across the board, American people that were interviewed, and by the way, the survey tracks, 1000000 people a year, which I think is really good.

It's a good basis on where to base or information.

So, from about the most recent data, unfortunately, is 2024.

The previous data that I looked at was 2016 and at that time, a household spend and remember what I'm saying, a household spend $244.16.

And in 2024.

The same household spend $408 a year on beef.

This is at home and away purchases, which is interesting because if you remember the press and the media, saying how expensive beef has become, and it has.

It's just that on a yearly basis, it doesn't impact a house, American household to a degree any more than 400, perhaps the 2025 figure will come back to $500 a year.

And that's one of the shocking things and when reviewing these data that, uh, We talk on one end that prices have increased.

But, you know, the consumption is still at only $400 in 2024.

If you take just the price of beef increases between 16 and 24 versus what the American house will spend between 16 and 24, And the American house will spend $164 more in 2024 than they did in 2016.

This is way more than than beef increased in price.

So that has to say that these people are eating way more beef.

And when you calculate that back, and this is the fun part about this article is that, and this is not the way we calculate generally the demand in America.

Demand is calculated in America by simply dividing the number of carcass pounds available a year by the population.

This figure that we're talking about here reflects that in 2016, uh, by using the the prices that the bureau reported, in 2016, Americans were consuming £42 of beef in a household.

And now they're consuming £51 in 2024.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was a portion of an interview taken from a recent beef watch podcast produced by Nebraska extension.

To hear the entire interview, go to beef.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts or Spotify or Nebraska Extension Almanac. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills.
Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. 
For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Research being done at the University of Georgia may change the entire conversation when it comes to fertility in bulls. University of Georgia Associate Professor Dr. Pedro Fontes says most of the fertility research has focused on cows, so his team is looking more closely at bull overconditioning, and how that impacts reproductive results.

[Pedro Fontes, Associate Professor, University of Georgia]
We have traditionally thought about the sperm, right?

Or the bull as this little DNA bullet, right, that travels through the female reproductive track, fertilizes the egg, and then the responsibility of the bull or the role of the bull, the mayo is done.

Right?

But the reality is what we've been learning over the last 15 to 20 years is that the sperm actually carries quite a lot of important little molecular cues that will help that other side to transition from an other side into a developing embryo.

So the male plays a pretty important role in early embryonic development.

And, you know, for sit stock producers, they're listening to us or for folks that are involved in the Amber transfer industry, right?

You probably see that when you're utilizing a given sire in an IVF routine, right?

Sometimes there's some bowls that don't do as well in an IVF setting, as we would expect, and that could be associated with some of those molecular cues that those sperm cells are carrying.

So there's a lot of people trying to understand what those are and how they work.

And what we've been focusing on is that idea of the nutritional program, right?

So what can we do from a nutrition standpoint?

In other words, what we're doing from a nutrition standpoint, is it influencing the ability, the ability of that sperm cell to elicit those events, they're biologically important for those embryos to form, and hopefully establish a successful pregnancy?

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Pedro says the research is focused on bull body conditioning and how in some circumstances could negatively affect fertility.

[Pedro Fontes, Associate Professor, University of Georgia]
We look at the data set in a couple different ways.

So what we did is we sort those bulls and we ranked them based on the amount of sepcotainous backfatch, and we used 2 different thresholds.

So 1st we compare, we use what we call a 10% threshold or a 20% threshold.

Now, all that means is we compare the fertility of bows that would rank in the top 10% for subcontainous backfatch against the rest of the bows in that study, or we rank those balls based on a 20% threshold and compare with the rest of the balls in that study.

And what we saw is that regardless of those shoe rankings, those balls are in the top 20% for subcutaneous back fat thickness, they did worse on their breeding sonus exam.

So then the natural quest is like, wow, but how much is too much, right?

So when we look at that data set specifically, we usually start seeing more defects from a spermorphology standpoint when those balls are going through their breeding sound as exam, when their subcultaneous back fat thickness is 0.55 inches or more.

So, for folks that are listening and they might have, you know, be doing their earling, uh, carcass ultrasound and their bows are developing.

So that's that's a good number to maybe take a look at.

So take a look at your data set, see how many of your bowls are above that threshold.

And you notice there is not a lot of them. Which is the good side of the story.

Sometimes I go there and present this data Iran to producers and people get really worry about it.

One of the things that I always try to convey is that for us, you see those detrimental effects on fertility, those bowls really have to be on the overconditioned side of things, but really overconditioned.

We're talking about bowls there with the body condition score of 7 or more.

And we know those bulls are out there, right?

But if you're managing your bulls in a body condition score of six, um, and you have access, your carcass ultrasound data, you can also take a look at the carcass ultrasound data and use that .5 threshold to see where you are from an overconditioning standpoint and try to gauge your nutritional program based on that to avoid those fertility issues.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Stay tuned to future almanac programs where Dr. Fontius explores other issues and research findings on bull fertility.  For Nebraska extension almanac, I'm Brad Mills.
Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension.
For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Yucca plants, which are also called soapweed, can be quite common on rangeland in western and central Nebraska.  They are especially noticeable here in June when flowering.  In some areas, they can be quite thick and significantly reduce grass production. There are ways, though, to reclaim those grazinglands.

Once established, yucca plants can increase on drier rangeland sites.  They produce a deep taproot that competes aggressively for the limited water in these soils.  With sharp leaves protecting the plant, cattle rarely eat it during summer.  Grass production decreases while yucca thrives.

Herbicides like Remedy Ultra®; PastureGard HL®; Pathfinder II®, Tordon®, Velpar, or Cimarron Plus® can control yucca, but only when each individual plant is sprayed directly. Hexazinone products like Velpar L®; Pronone Power Pellet, or Velossa® be applied to the soil uphill side of individual yucca plants with exact delivery hand-gun applicator; since pasture grass streaking injury downslope can occur with chemical movement.  General broadcast spraying to control yucca on rangeland is cost prohibitive, although small patches can and should be controlled before they expand.  Herbicides are most effective when applied in spring or summer.

Some people have had some success in reducing yucca through winter grazing.  During winter, yucca often is the only green plant around.  It has been observed though, that it can take some time for animals to learn to graze yucca. After several consecutive winters of grazing, yucca stands can be reduced so grass again thrives during summer.

Whether it is with herbicides or trying some winter grazing, this might be a good year to reclaim some of your pasture back from yucca.  For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Range and Forage Specialist, Jerry Volesky.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

If you've wondered if virtual fencing would work on your operation, you should make plans to take a bus tour sponsored by Nebraska extension, coming up June 16th and 17th. Extension specialist Yiji Ziong says the tour will help producers check out different operations and uses for virtual fencing.

[Yijie Ziong, Nebraska Extension Precision Livestock Specialist]
So we're going to have date one is pretty much just site visits, and um, it is Tuesday, June 16th to Wednesday, June 17th on day one, Tuesday, and we're going to visit a rolling prairie ranch at Phil, Missouri, and this sites utilize halter virtual funds colors, and that is the 1st stop, and then we will transition and move to the mud rich wrench in.

Red Oak, Iowa, and they're using no fence virtual fence colors, and both of those producers are going to really openly share their experience of using these 2 specific products and share what have worked really well for them and what haven't worked out and they learn from their experience.

And then on day two, one day, we will start with eastern Nebraska, research extension and education center, where we will demonstrate a shepherd, and as well as halter virtual funds collars, and see how we can use that for more intensive and smaller scale grazing situations.

And after that, we will have a classroom session and just talk about general best practices for grazing management, as well as bringing up a panel discussion evolving all the industry representatives as well as producers, researchers, and extension educators to openly talk about questions surrounding this and also summarize what we have learned from the site visits.

So I think this is a really, really exciting opportunity and really hoping that we can have a fruitful tour and bringing events for our producers.

As a researcher, we have some targeted questions, we want to answer, and being benefited from having extension appointment is that I often got my research question generated from producer's question.

So, for example, we've been asked about different situations and different increase from producers.

Can we manage multiple groups in the same pasture for some really intensive grazing management and potentially for leading follower system like that.

And we've done that with the Gallagher system and the results was really promising it works.

And then some other producers from the sandhills area and probably our listeners understand the situation they're facing.

So you're facing really, really big terrain with rolling hills, and then also like it depends on what you want to do with your ranch management, and the product will vary, right?

So, there are uh, products are designed for really extensive management and the, with the primary goal is to contain them, or knowing where they're grazing at, but there's also other products are more designed for very, very intensive, grazing management, and with the target at benefiting your soil, health, and then grazing management, and also the forge in vegetation. Management.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Be sure to take this virtual fence tour for ideas on how you might be able to use this technology in your operation. Please register by Tuesday, June 9th by going to go.unl.edu slash bf underscore bus tour, which is one word. Once again, that's go.unl.edu slash VF underscore bus tour. The cost is $200, which includes transportation, lodging, and lunches. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills.
Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

While poisonous plants are generally not as problematic in Nebraska compared to other western states, they can exact their toll on livestock enterprises, and many times the losses are unrecognized.

There are 17 species listed as primary toxic plants that can be found in Nebraska.  Toxic plants contain or produce substances injurious or lethal to animals.  The amount of plant material consumed by the grazing animal before death or poisoning symptoms appear, does vary by species.  Poisoning symptoms will vary depending on the toxic compound in the plant, but may include difficulty breathing, excess salivation, nervousness, or staggering.  Many poisonous plants are avoided by the animal, but a scarcity of forage, such as under drought conditions may lead to a situation where they are consumed.

There are some species, such as prairie larkspur, where grazing animals may select for them when they are flowering (mid-June to early July).  Other relatively common poisonous plants in central and western Nebraska include Riddell groundsel, Lambert crazyweed, wooly locoweed, and chokecherry.  

Poison hemlock and spotted water hemlock are common statewide.  These two species prefer moist areas in pastures, creek banks, ditches, and disturbed sites.

If you suspect a poisonous plant problem in your pastures, be sure to get a positive identification of the plant.  When control or removal of the plants is not possible, it may be best to move livestock to a different pasture.

Nebraska Extension does have a great resource called Nebraska Plants Toxic to Livestock (EC3037) that can be found online or obtained through your local Extension office.  For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Range and Forage Specialist, Jerry Volesky.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. On a previous almanac program, extension specialist Mary Dornowski talked about some of the benefits of grazing summer annual Sudan grass. On today's program, shall detail some of the advantages and disadvantages of grazing annuals versus perennials.

[Mary Drewnowski, Nebraska Beef Specialist]
On grazing all annuals.

Uh, when you think it's ready or when you think it's going to be ready, say in a few days, it's ready.

Oh, that's the 1st one, like, don't delay, just go.

The other one is you typically with perennials, right?

You really need to be thinking about, what am I doing to my root reserves?

Am I ensuring that that plant is going to be be able to make it and is going to maintain?

And so, you know, you want to be conservative about how much you take off?

They talk about take half, leave, half.

Throw all that out the window with annuals.

These guys are a little bit different in terms of what they're thinking about, right?

I mean, if you want to say plants think.

So a perennial, it wants to survive, right?

And then it wants to reproduce, if it can.

Annuals are going to go to sea.

That is their whole job, right?

And so one of our biggest challenges is that the quality declines as the plant matures and annuals want to mature rapidly.

Your grazing management will dictate how high of quality that forage will be.

And so you're actually sometimes better off, especially early on, to maybe go through and hit some of the field hard if you have enough animals to do so.

That's why I like to split it up.

Because if you can keep it to where you actually maybe even set it back a little bit so that as you move on, it's not getting away from you the next time, it actually helps with the grazing management.

So I actually graze fairly severely when I am initially grazing some of my annuals, because I know that in the end, that's going to keep that from getting too mature on me.

And so that's one of the things that I think is a little bit different in terms of the mentality.

And I think, uh, I've had several, including, uh, some of my students who, when they 1st go out and they see how I'm suggesting to graze, they kind of look at me like I'm crazy.

Eventually, they get on board and they understand, especially when they see the pastures that maybe we move to the next one because we thought, oh, the next one is really needs to get on it because it has too much forage and it's getting mature, and so we don't graze the one as hard as we should.

Then what happens is you have some plants. That actually get mature in other plants, right, that got grazed, and then the cattle only eat the plants that got grazed, and it's almost magnified like a 100 fold in annual systems than in perennial systems.

One of the risk of grazing Sudan grass is a chance of prussic acid in the plant.

Mary talks about minimizing the risk of cattle grazing on high concentrate oppressic acid.

Prussic acid happens really in 2 situations, right?

One is the very immature plant has a prussic acid risk and it is really, really high risk when you talk about sorghum.

And sorghum sedan is kind of in between, like we tell you never to graze sorghum until it's 2 foot tall, right?

And Sorum Sedan usually, that's the same suggestion.

But for sedan grass, it still has that risk, but it's lower, and in fact, we tell you that, um, you can graze it at 15 inches.

So, one of the things it's not about like how far down you graze it, like once the plant gets above 15 inches.

You can graze it down to the ground and that's fine.

That's one of the questions I sometimes get.

It is just about how young the plant is, if that makes sense.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was a portion of an interview taken from a recent beef watch podcast offered by Nebraska extension. To hear the entire interview, go to beef.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. 
Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Using organic molts around your trees, shrubs, ornamentals, and your vegetable garden has several benefits.Most importantly, mulch helps retain moisture in the soil around your plantings, and can help you conserve water. Organic mulch also breaks down over time, adding valuable organic matter and nutrients to the soil. It also provides effective weed control around your plants. UNL director for landscape operations. Jeff Culbertson says, mulch is an important component of your home landscape, and talks about the various kinds of mulch.

[Jeff Culbertson, UNL Director of Landscape Services]
What kind of mulch should I use?

Where should I use it, how much should I use?

And you know, sometimes it kind of depends on the situation.

For most of our plants on campus or at your home.

We're gonna want to use an organic mulch.

In particular, we use a mixed hardwood mulch that we generate here on campus, the same sort of thing you can buy at your local nursery.

And so we're going to want to use two to three inches of an organic mulch around plants like this around your trees and shrubs, We try to mulch as large a area as possible, that seems reasonable.

And the mulch, as you put down the mulch, it does a few things.

It helps retain moisture in the soil, so the soil moisture, there's less fluctuation, it's more evenly moist.

It helps break down over time and help add some micronutrients to the soil, and just improve the biology, the microbiome of that area.

So microorganisms and all the good things that happen as mulch breaks down and helps the plants in the root zones.

But you can think about a few other things.

You know, there's other organic bulches you can use.

There's corn cob mulch out there.

There's other plant, kind of waste mulches that are out there.

I've seen cotton seed holes.

There's cocoa bean mold.

So there's a lot of different things you could use that, again, are organic bulch that'll provide that same sort of thing.

And you might like the texture's a little differently, depending on the plants you're using or the location you're using around your home.

But again, two to three inches is probably something you're going to want to reapply annually, keep an eye on it.

You're not gonna want it to get too thick.

We don't want it too thick, because it also create kind of a dry zone, as well.

So that's the other thing that you want to watch, is make sure that the moisture is getting through the mulch to the plants.

Now, there are some other mulches.

We'll use that word to describe things like river rock, or different kinds of rock mulches that are out there, there's rubber, pelletized mulches you may have seen.

So there's some other mulches that you can use.

And typically, I would suggest you use those in areas where really plants are not the emphasis of that particular part of your landscape.

Many times, you're going to want to make sure you put down some sort of fabric, some sort of landscape fabric, as a barrier to keep that mulch from mixing in with the soil.

And you'll use those in areas, maybe if you have a area in your basement that's getting wet.

You want to protect that and stop the water from penetrating through there.

You'll put down the fabric, put down the inorganic mulch, the rock, or rubber, or whatever it is, to help protect those areas.

But again, you might want to use the inorganic mulches in places where we don't have plants, and we want to use an organic mulch where we have plants.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Inorganic mulch has its place, as it can help keep water from your foundation, provide a weed barrier and difficult to reach places, or it can be part of a design landscape. But as Jeff said, rock or rubber pellet mold shouldn't be used around plants, is they have a tendency to hold heat and potentially damage your plants. Organic mulch contributes to your plants health by conserving water, having soil nutrients and keeping the weeds down. For Nebraska extension almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Forages vary greatly in water-use efficiency defined as pounds of forage produced per inch of water applied. In general, warm-season (C-4) forage crops are more water-use efficient than cool-season (C-3) crops. Further, annual forages use water more efficiently than perennial forages.  Although legumes, like alfalfa, are very drought tolerant, they tend to be less water efficient than grasses.

When moisture is plentiful, water-use use efficiency for warm-season annual sudangrass and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids ranges from 2.0 to 3.5 inches of water per ton of yield. Efficiency of cool-season oats is estimated at 3.5 to 4.5 inches of water required per ton of production. Comparatively, alfalfa needs 4 to 6 inches of water per ton or cutting.

Switching from harvesting corn as dried grain to corn silage can also increase overall irrigation water use efficiency; since the silage corn can be harvested at the R4 dough stage; or 30-40 days earlier than traditional grain harvest. Silage yields can peg 28 tons per acre while lowering overall total water usage by 7 inches per acre.

Where water supplies may be restricted, millet may be the preferred forage option for improving water use efficiency. Although potential total biomass production of millet will likely be less than other drought-tolerant forage options. In UNL forage research at North Platte, millet produced 2 tons per acre with 2.2 inches of irrigation water; while applying more than 4.5 inches of irrigation water did not increase millet forage yields above 3.5 tons per acre.

More information including NebGuide G2012 “Forage Production with Limited Irrigation” is available at: https://cropswatch.unl.edu or https://beef.unl.edu

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, this is Nebraska Extension Irrigation, Cropping Systems and Forage Educator, Todd Whitney.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Tail flicking, skin twitching, and other defensive behaviors by pastured animals could mean an infestation of stable flies. Extension educator Dave Boxler, talks about prevention and control of stable flies on today's almanac.

[Dave Boxler, Nebraska Extension Educator]
Well, historically, they've been with us for a number of years, actually 100s of years. But were primarily affecting Feedlot and dairy cattle up until the early 1980s.

And there was a change in how we handled, hey, that occurred in the early 19 Hades, where we went to a round bale, and consequently created a round bale feeder also.

And it's interesting because when cattle are fed, especially in overwintering sites.

There's a lot of spillage of this material to the outside that never gets consumed because it gets trampled on by cattle and urinated on, defecated on, and you have actually the perfect ingredients for stable fly larval production.

The limiting factor when it comes to stable fly larval development is moisture.

And earlier this year in Nebraska, we were very short of moisture.

Well, in the last 7 to 10 days, that has certainly changed across the state.

And I initially thought that we weren't going to see a major issue this year with the pastured cattle, but that's all changed based on the last weather event that we've had.

So we have the moisture in place.

So we have all the ingredients available for stable flies.

The stable fly is a blood feeding fly, both male and female of the species take a blood meal, and usually it's twice a day.

So during that process, the blood meal usually takes anywhere from 3 to 5 minutes to complete.

So the fly is very persistent in getting that blood mill taken.

Once it's completed its feeding, it will fly away off of the amyl. To an area where it's usually in the shade where it can digest that blood.

So it's on the animal and then off the animal, which makes it difficult for treating or trying to control the population on the animal.

You are typical fly methodology or treatments that we've used for hornfly, do not necessarily work that effectively against the stable fly because of its behavior out in the pasture settings.

So, there are some traps available that are fairly effective, but it does take some effort to get them placed safely.

Usually we like to place them close to where the cattle will come to water.

But they do have to be protected from the animals because the animals are very curious and will cause some physical damage to it.

There are 2 traps available.

Uh, one is the star bar bite free trap, sold by central life sciences.

And the other is a nightstick trap that is sold by a company called Bug Jammer.

And they both will attract stable flies and capture them.

We've also looked at spray applications to reduce the populations on the cattle.

A number of years ago, I did a study using a misblower type sprayer that is very commonly used in the dairy and the feedlot industry.

That's pretty effective in that setting.

But we decided to see how effective we could manage stable fly numbers on pastured cattle, making those applications.

And this is where you actually take the sprayer in a pickup or on a flatbed out into the pasture and spray the cattle in the pasture.

And this was a 3 year study and we saw a significant reduction in fly numbers between the untreated group and the treated group.

So that is a methodology that has been picked up by a number of producers in Nebraska.

It's labor intensive, as with a lot of applications, and there's a bit of investment on the monetary side.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska extension almanac. The University of Nebraska's plant and pest diagnostic clinic provides diagnostic support for all sorts of agricultural and horticultural plants. Extension plant diagnostician, Kyle Broderick says, they receive numerous samples of anything from corn to trees to turf.

[Kyle Broderick, Nebraska Extension Plant Diagnostician]
So the plant and pest diagnostic clinic is available to all producers of plants, not only in the state of Nebraska, but also across the entire United States and the region.

We accept all sorts of plant samples, corn, soybeans, field peas, trees, turf, random mushrooms, flowers.

You name it as long as it's not a mammal?

Normally those things come to us.

We also do insect ID.

We, um, weed and plant ID as well.

And in addition to it, providing those that identification, we also try to provide as accurate and up to date management recommendations as we can.

We are a fee-based clinic, um, but we try to um, try to make things as cheap as we can for for the clientele.

Right now, our standard fee is $20 per sample.

And for most producers, that is all that ends up being charged.

Um, if we, if there is additional testing that needs to be done, maybe some virus testing or, it's a, uh, something that we really don't see very often.

Then there may be additional fees associated with that.

But for the most part, that $20 fee tends to cover it all.

And really, how can producers utilize us?

By sending us samples?

You know, there are a lot of things that look similar in the field, and we all have a computer in our pocket, and we can Google anything.

And find pictures that look similar to what we're seeing in the field.

But until you really get something underneath a microscope, it can be really difficult to tell.

Is this bacterial?

Is this fungal?

If it is fungal, which fungus is it?

Because again, not knowing what pathogen you're actually attacking or trying to control, you're going to have a really hard time selecting the right, um, the right chemistries to control that.

Our turnaround time, it's very dependent on the time of year.

Right now, it's not, um, we're not having, not having a ton of samples come in, but the samples that are coming in.

Again, a lot of those seedling diseases, they require us to actually culture the, that pathogen out, to get it to grow onto a plate, and sometimes that can take upwards of upwards of 5 to 6 days.

And so most samples we have have turned around within 4 to 54 to 5 business days, but on occasion, there will be, um, it will take longer than that.

But I do try to communicate that as much as possible.

So one of the best things is to make sure that you have a Ziploc bag, or some sort of plastic, seal, sealable bag.

We do not want our samples to dry out.

So, um, please don't send in a sample like you would for a tissue analysis, we really don't want them in a, in a paper, um, in a paper bag that will dry out because at, in the 3 to 4 days that it may take for that sample to go through the mail to get to me.

It can change quite a bit in that time.

If you keep it in a plastic bag with a dry paper towel, or if not, if you don't have a paper towel, even just a clean piece of newspaper or any paper, really, to put in there to help absorb any of that moisture really, really helps.

Other thing that is really bad to do.

You collect this sample, you throw it in your truck, and then you forget about it in the cab for a couple of days.

And not only will whatever fungus is causing the problem be growing, but every other fungus that's on this plant is going to start growing as well, and it's going to be a moldy mess, and by the time I get it, I might have to ask you to submit another sample.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska, extension, almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

With drought conditions forecasted across much of Nebraska this summer, now is the time to make a grazing plan that builds in flexibility.

Start by evaluating forage availability. If grass is already slow, consider reducing stocking rates early. Holding cattle back on a drylot or using annual forages can help avoid overgrazing if pastures fall short.  Additionally, incorporating stockers into an operation can provide an asset that is easier to liquidate than the main breeding herd if conditions get dry.

If you haven’t already, set trigger dates to evaluate forage growth and precipitation. For example, June moisture does little for cool-season grasses like brome but can still help warm-season species.  If we head into June at a deficit, brome pastures will need stocking rates reduced.  Timely rain may fuel some late growth in native range, but a close eye on grazing pressure and pasture condition needs to be maintained. 

As you graze, don’t underestimate the impact of timing. Grazing during plant recovery periods, especially in June and early July for warm season species, can weaken plants and reduce future productivity. Rotate grazing so that key grasses have a break during critical growing windows.

Lastly, keep an eye on grazing pressure. Grazing as drought stress impacts a plant can double the pressure it is receiving without a chance to recover if it stays dry.  As pastures dry out, be especially careful not to overgraze.  Once fully dormant, plants can be grazed a bit harder without much damage, although we want to leave enough residual to protect plant crowns and reduce soil moisture loss. 

Planning for drought isn’t fun, but taking steps now can save pasture health and avoid emergency decisions later

With today’s Pasture & Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Extension specialist Mary Dronowski says sedan grass can be a great option for summer grazing. She says it stands up well due to its tendency for better regrowth after grazing, and it thrives during the hot summer months.

[Mary Drewnoski, Nebraska Extension Beef Specialist]
Let's talk a little bit about sedan grass itself.

So we said need summer grazing.

And sedan grass is a warm season, and it's actually one of the parents of probably the warm season grass annual grass that most people are familiar with, sorghum sedan, right?

This is different, just to be clear.

It's actually one of the things that sorghum sedan is the cross of.

So it's sorghum and then sedan grasses crossed to get sorghum sedan.

So that's important because sedan grass, it looks a lot like sorghum sedan, but it has some differences that is really useful from the grazing perspective.

And one of those is that it yields a little less if you're trying to just ton it out for hay, but it regrows better after grazing.

So on a grazing situation, we typically see actually a little bit more grazing from it than sorghum sedan.

And there's kind of a little bit of a bonus in that it's lower prussic acid.

So it has a little bit less risk when you're grazing those smaller plants.

So we still tell people to wait till it's 15 inches before you turn out, and there are actually varieties that are even lower risk versus others.

And so the one I've been using is Piper.

It's from the 70s people.

So this is nothing new.

But Piper, uh, sedan grass does a really nice job of, of regrowing after grazing, and even when the cattle step on it, it seems to be able to recover, you can sometimes have stems that almost look shattered and yet they're still growing and being productive, which is pretty cool.

So we've been actually putting incident grass after rye.

And so we've been grazing rye until, well, until right now, until the end of May, and then we'll kill the rye out and we'll plant sedan grass.

So just get an idea of the timing.

We're kind of planting it a little bit later, then maybe some people would because we're trying to get the most used out of our winter annual.

So we're planning it now, and then it's usually ready to graze at 30 to 40 days.

Sometimes, actually 40 days is too long.

It gets going and it can grow really, really fast.

So sometimes at 40 days it's 5 foot tall.

Just to tell you.

But what we've been doing is we actually been grazing it both with uh, cow calf pears and with stalker calves.

So both of those classes of cattle, we grazed on the rye 1st and then we took them off.

We took them over to perennial pastures.

So in our case, smooth broom grass, let them graze for that month to 40 days and then came back to our annual field.

So, with the sedan grass.

Honestly, with all annuals, I suggest you rotationally grace.

I realize it's a lot of work to put up fences in a crop field, but I think it is more than worth it to go ahead and divide it up into quarters and and be able to rotationally grace because your whole goal with annuals is to keep them vegetative.

So keep them young and keep them growing quickly and keep them very high quality.

And you can do it, and cattle will perform really well.

In fact, we did peak lactation cows who we were breeding out on the sedan grass, and they maintained condition, and their cabs gained actually £2.5 a day.

So they had, like, they were started out about 70 days of age.

And we went um, for uh, about 70 days uh, on the grazing.

And so those cabs gained actually about £4 more than calves who were actually on cows out on our perennial pasture.

So the quality is really good.

The stalker calves are heavier when they went out.

Um, they were actually 880 pounds at turnout, I know, crazy.

So, turnout's really July 1st time frame, just to have everybody on the same page, and they gained about one. £6 a day.

So really good quality stuff

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was a portion of an interview taken from a recent beef watch podcast offered by Nebraska extension to hear the entire interview go to beef.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. 
Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, Go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Alfalfa is resilient to harsh weather and a drought-tolerant perennial crop with rooting depths down eight feet or more. Depending on deep soil profile moisture during drought, some varieties can move into a dormancy and survive up to 45 days without rainfall.  However, forage yields drop dramatically; since alfalfa requires about 4 to 6 inches of root available water to produce 1 ton of forage per acre.

So, what irrigation strategy is recommended for alfalfa under extreme moisture stress prior to the first cutting when the first cutting usually requires 6 to 7 inches of water? Also, remember that once perennial fields lack spring moisture, it is hard to catch up with irrigation during the hot summer season due to higher ET (evapotranspiration) water needs.

Most of western Nebraska is currently under extreme drought despite some recent welcome rains. 
For example, average North Platte snow/rainfall accumulation from Nov. to May is 10 inches. This year, the snow/rainfall total has been only 3” or about 30% of average. So, first cutting yields may be only half of normal forage yield; if irrigation has been limited. Also, stressed alfalfa, which may be dropping leaves prematurely, may need cut before the recommended one-tenth bloom alfalfa development stage to salvage yield. Remember that internode length shortens during dry conditions, so forage maturity will have less impact on quality. A timely irrigation just prior to the first cutting, though, may increase regrowth tonnage for the succeeding crop.

Moving forward, an advantage of early alfalfa cutting is that water use will drop sharply; because transpiration is lower when the leaf foliage is removed.  Following first cutting, irrigation might be delayed slightly in fields where weeds could respond quicker to the moisture than alfalfa regrowth.
Otherwise, full water irrigation or rainfall target amounts will be typically six to seven inches of water 
for each subsequent cutting. Spring water usage may only be one-fourth inch per day but will rapidly increase as summer temperatures rise. Peak water alfalfa usage in July and August can extend beyond the normal one-third inch per day (or two inches per week) to half inch per day during extreme stress times.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Todd Whitney.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. One of the most critical needs for beef cattle is adequate access to water. During this time of year when ranchers are beginning to turn out cattle on the past year, that access is even more critical. Nebraska extension livestock educator, Troy Walz, talks about the importance of water for cattle on today's almanac.

[Troy Walz, Nebraska Extension Livestock Educator]
You never really understand the importance till you don't have it.

And then, 0 my gosh, you have to struggle to get those cattle water.

And we always want to think about water quantity as one thing, but we also have to think about that water quality.

Because if the water isn't any good, the cattle aren't going to drink it.

So we have to keep that in mind as well.

And when we think about that quantity, Aaron.

Other thing, I'd like to remind people is, you know, if you have 200 head of cattle and you just have a small tank, they're going to drink it all out very quickly.

So you need to be thinking about how quickly you're going to get that tank full or how big your tank is so you can handle the capacity that is needed to water your cattle.

So as we think about what a cow needs, those general guidelines is that a lactating cow is going to need 2 gallons of water for £100 of body weight per day for her.

So as we think about that, so that, again, that lactating count eats 2 gallons of water per £100.

And if we think about a dry cow or a bowl, they need one to one. 5 gallons of water per £100 of body weight per day.

And we base this on the nutrient requires of beef cattle that came out in 2016.

So in the other consideration, we always need to think about is that environmental temperature.

The cattle are just like we are when it's hot or out, we need more water.

So we always have to keep that in mind as well.

But yes, when we're out grazing lush grass, we know that that grass is probably only 10% dry matter, so it's probably upwards of 90% moisture, so they're getting a lot of moisture or water when they're grazing that lush forage, whatever that is out there.

And that compares to a time in the winter when we're feeding those cattle dry hay, that's only 10% moisture.

So it will affect the amount of water that they need.

But but always have it in your mind that.

Those numbers that I told you that a cow or dry, whether she's lactating or dry is going to need, always try to have that much water available for them because you just never quite know for sure.

The other thing to think about is silage.

We know that silage is, 50 to 60% moisture as well.

So for feeding lots of silage.

They're getting some moisture with that too.

And also, I guess, as I talked about needs.

We never want to forget that baby calf out there.

Calves do get some water from milk, but they also drink water and we want calves to gain, so we want them to be able to reach the tank, so we need to make sure that we have our tanks banked or grade it, so the calves can reach the water as well.

And I guess that goes too, that we want them to be drinking fresh water because we want those calves to gain well.

And if there, there's been some studies, research out there that shows that calves are, that are drinking from pawns, don't gain as well as calves that are drinking from fresh water.

As we think about our windmills too.

We going to have some days of doldrums in the summer where that wind isn't going to blow.

So we need to make sure we have some type of backup, whether it's for a windmill with a pump jack or maybe we have a solar well somewhere that we can have cat or water for our cattle.

And 2 to your point where the cows drink it down 1st and if the calf doesn't get a drink and the mom already had her fill, she's ready to go out and graze again, so the calf is just going to follow along.

And so we know that calf is not going to be able to.

He's going to go with his mom and not get that drink for that day until she comes back in.

And it could be the same scenario again.

So yes, we want that recharge or that capacity for that wad of water so those calves can have a drink.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was a portion taken from a recent Beefwatch podcast offered by Nebraska Extension to hear the entire interview. Go to beef.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska extension almanac. The country's facing the realization that Elder Care could be moving into a crisis, as the population of Americans over 65 should double in the next 30 years. Cindy Holden from the Nebraska Cooperative Development Center says a program that focuses on training home care workers for the elderly should help ease the problem.

[Cindy Holden, Nebraska Cooperative Development Center]
Well, we are officially in the silver tsunami, which is when the majority of the population is now 65 and older and they're retiring.

And as you may have figured out as you get older.

Things happen to you, you become less healthy and may have health issues develop and some of those health issues lead to the need for care.

U.S. Census reports estimate that by the year 2060 will have 94.700000 Americans over the age of 65.

10,000 Americans retiring every day, hence the silver tsunami.

And for the 1st time in history, people over 65 outnumbered children under the age of five.

In Nebraska, in 2010, 13.5% of our population was 65 and older.

In 2020, that percentage was 16.4.

And 65 and older outnumbered those under 5 by 9%.

So we're getting older.

We just need people to care for us.

Additionally, in Nebraska alone, in the last 3 years, 12 Nebraska nursing homes have closed, and there are currently 15 Nebraska counties that have no access to nursing home or assisted living facility.

So when you get out to rule Nebraska as you get older, If you need care for a variety of reasons, there is literally nowhere for you to go.

Except to one of the larger communities, um, you know, so for example, you know, here I'm in Buffalo County, I'm in Kearney, we have facilities.

But if you go just a little bit to the, um, West to Furnace County, they don't.

So if they need somewhere to go, they're going to have to move to Phelps County or Gosper County or even Buffalo County to get care because they don't have care in these areas.

And it makes it hard for families to remain in their communities.

What a home care worker cooperative is, is it is a home care, um, agency that is owned by the workers.

So it's not owned by a corporate located, it could be incarnate, it could be in South Dakota, it could be in Chicago, it could be anywhere.

It is owned by the workers that live and work in the community where the care is provided.

So it's a really good economic model if you want to talk about self-empowerment and keeping wealth local.

Because if you and I formed a worker cooperative, we would make the investments, we would do the work and we'd share the profits.

They don't leave where we are.

And we get to make the decisions of what happens to those profits.

Those decisions aren't made by some corporate board.

And that's really important in these small rural communities. That want to keep their wealth in their communities.

So what the home care academy does is it takes a group of interested individuals through the process of forming a worker owned cooperative.

We talk about what it's like to own your own business, what are the things you know how to do?

And then we're able to connect them with resources nationwide.

The other cool thing that we help these communities do.

Is we help them create, um, some relationships with care providers across the country.

It's kind of like a support group for lack of a better word.

People that you can talk to and find out how much you have in common with others.

Because I think sometimes, especially in world Nebraska, you think you're the only one that has this issue.

Well, then when you start talking to someone from rural Washington State or rural California or rural Michigan or rural Minnesota, you realize that we're very similar.

And it gives them some camaraderie and some sense of belonging to something bigger than themselves, and it's a really cool opportunity.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:
Dry conditions have left some dryland alfalfa fields short, stressed, and slow to grow. When plants are only six to twelve inches tall, turning purple, yellow, or gray, and starting to bloom, the question becomes: should we cut it, graze it, or leave it alone?

The first thing to consider is yield. If the field is not going to produce at least about a half-ton per acre, haying may not pay for the fuel, labor, and equipment cost. From a plant health standpoint, drought-stressed alfalfa can survive while dormant, but every pass across the field still needs to be worth it.

While dormant alfalfa is resilient, the University of Wisconsin recommends not harvesting if the flowering stand is under 10 inches in height. Because quality of drought-stressed stands declines less rapidly with maturity than normal, allowing plants to reach 100% bloom can improve recovery after a harvest does occur.

Grazing can be an option where fence, water, and livestock are available. Drought-stressed, bloomed-out alfalfa usually carries less bloat risk than lush, actively growing alfalfa, but the risk is not zero. Avoid turning hungry cattle directly onto alfalfa, offer hay first, and monitor closely.

If grazing, control access with strip grazing or rotation, and try to leave at least four inches of stubble to protect the stand. Once rain comes and fresh regrowth starts, cattle should come off to avoid crown damage and increased bloat risk.

If haying or grazing does not make sense, the best option may simply be to leave the field alone. Shredding may clean things up, but on low-yielding, drought-stunted alfalfa, it often adds cost without much benefit.

The bottom line: base the decision on yield, cost, livestock need, and stand recovery. Protect the crowns, avoid unnecessary expense, and be ready to adjust when rain returns.

With today’s Pasture & Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. On a recent program, Nebraska extension specialist, Brad Lubin, talked about how the beef industry was a bright spot in agriculture, as opposed to how crop producers are facing challenges. On today's program, Brad focuses on how trade policies affect both the producer and the consumer.

[Brad Lubben, Nebraska Extension Ag Policy Specialist]
It is the quintessential question about trade and what's the benefit of trade.

And as a trade economist or as an economist studying trade policy issues, I would often characterize trade and the benefits of trade are fundamentally about consumers.

Consumers benefit from having new products or more products available and price competitiveness and so forth.

Trade politics tend to be about producers.

And it's supporting or protecting production, resources, and investments from competition from elsewhere. Whether it's fair or unfair.

Well, in the trade arena, the cattle industry, the beef industry, kind of lives in both sectors.

Um, They benefit from consumer demand that drives exports that drives domestic demand as well, certainly, but that drives exports.

And that's exports for some of the higher value products that the US produces, muscle cuts, steaks, and roast.

They also benefit from foreign consumer demand for variety meats.

The kinds of things that most Americans and consumers don't touch.

And so there's value in the carcass that otherwise wouldn't be there, were it not for the benefits of exports and the export of beef and beef products, globally.

There's also import competition and there is import competition in terms of live animals.

Arguably, that's because the US has a, I think, a comparative advantage in feeding animals and processing animals compared to its neighbors and compared to much of the world.

And so importing live animals from Canada, importing live animals from Mexico, when we don't have a New World screwworm outbreak to worry about.

Those are kinds of things that actually support the domestic industry as opposed to directly compete for prices for animals.

Well, it does offer more supply of animals.

So yes, a producer of animals thinks about imports as competition.

A producer of beef, thinks about trade as an opportunity.

And so there's there's always a distinction between which side of the trade.

Do you do you feel impacted by?

Um, the other reality, some of our imports are beef?

Well, that's imports typically of beef trim, lean beef trim.

That's what gets ground into our hamburger mix.

The US seems to be an outsized consumer of hamburger.

We love it in almost every form, and with the animals we produce, and the muscle cuts, and higher value animals that we're sending, or that were processing.

We have a shortage of beef trim to produce the mainstay hamburger blend.

And so getting that from elsewhere adds value to the tallow and the remainder of the carcass here as well.

So that's more of a complimentary import.

It's a complimentary good, not a substitute, but it looks like imports.

And so when we look at statistics, yes, it looks like we import more animals, we certainly do.

We import more pounds of beef.

We do.

Traditionally, we export more dollar value of beef than we import.

In the midst of trade conflict at the moment.

That's hurting a bit, but fundamentally, those are reasons why we focus so much on trade and trade issues.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
You can read the detailed article about issues facing the beef industry by going to UNL Center for agprofitabilities website at cap.unl.edu. You can listen to the entire interview by downloading from Apple Podcasts or Spotify. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. The 2026 weed management field day is coming up Wednesday, June 24th at the South Central Ag Lab at Clay Center. Extension weed management specialists submit Jala says, attendees will see on-site demonstrations of new technologies, and hear about the latest research in weed control. There are 2 tours during the day, and it says the 1st tour will focus on weed management and soybeans, sorghum, and popcorn.

[Amit Jhala, Nebraska Extension Weed Management Specialist]
We have a number of projects to demonstrate, and that was the whole idea about conducting this extension field that I have been doing for the last 14 years is just to show the actual results of a number of studies that we conduct in for wind management, in soybean, corn, popcorn, and sorghum.

So the field day will start with demonstration of some of our weed management projects in soybean, particularly the focus is on how best you can utilize different herbicide programs for management of herbicide resistant weeds, including some non-chemical controlled method options such as how best you can utilize cover crops.

For example, cereal dry and heritage, or the cover crops for the focus of this year's field day.

And in addition, we will have some other projects in corn and also in sorghum, because now fertilizers are getting expensive.

So we have a project, how best we can utilize heritage, which is a legume cover crop, which has ability to fix the nitrogen in the soil and it can be readily available by the grass crop species.

For example, sorghum and popcorn.

So our idea here is how best we can reduce the fertilizer input and we can utilize this natural resource of nitrogen in collaboration with some other management practices and how best we can control these herbisa resistant weeds in sorghum and popcorn.

Both are very important crops in Nebraska.

Right.

So this will be something interesting and something new this year in the past.

We have done some studies with John Deere and Green Eye technology to test their system about Target weed management.

So this year, we are going to work with ecorobotics, ARA, it is an Israel, it is a Switzerland-based company, and now they are entering into the US market, particularly focusing on how best this precision sprayer can be used for target weed management, in soy bin, and how much chemical we can save just by target application compared with broadcast applications that we have been applying all the herbic right now, just with broadcast applications.

So that is the whole idea and the actual ecorobotics ARA machine will be here and we will do a live demonstration.

So this will be really interesting for anybody interested in agriculture, weed management, environment and saving chemicals.

In addition to weed management and soybean, sorghum, and popcorn.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Amit says there's an additional tour that primarily looks at weed control in corn.

[Amit Jhala, Nebraska Extension Weed Management Specialist]
The 2nd tour will focus more on how best we can utilize and integrate cover crops with existing herbicide programs.

So we can cut the herbicide applications and we can utilize cover crops, particularly early in the season.

So our idea is to terminate heritage at different growth stages of sorghum and popcorn.

Just we want to see how best it can suppress the weeds and it can reduce the soil erosion and it can also improve the soil health by improving soil organic matter.

To get more details and to register for the event, go to agronomy.unl.edu slash field day. Once again, that's agronomy.unl.edu slash field day for Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

As late spring and summer temperatures begin to heat up and cattle are on pasture, it’s important to make sure there is adequate water for livestock. How much do cattle need and where should it come from? 

The water requirements for cattle depends on their size, class, and environmental conditions. High humidity and greater temperatures also increase water demand.  A study at the University of Georgia lists water requirements for days when the daily high temperature is 90°F. With these conditions, growing or lactating animals need two gallons of water per 100 pounds of body weight. This means a 1400 pound, lactating cow will need close to 28 gallons of water daily with 90°F daily highs. If the calves are 250 pounds, they will need about 5 gallons. Again, some of the water will come from grazed forage.   Make sure water tanks or water points are accessible for smaller calves. 

Having fresh, clean water should also be a priority.  Whenever dry conditions occur or especially in later summer, water quality from water sources such as dugouts or ponds and dams may not be ideal. The ability to have water close by should also be a goal, although sometimes it’s simply not possible.  More water locations can help meet the water demand but could also help grazing distribution too.  Cattle will receive some of their daily water requirements when they are consuming high moisture feedstuffs such as fresh forage when grazing pasture, silages, or green chopped feeds.  Feeds that are high-energy increase the water requirement. 

Keep an eye on water this summer and make sure livestock have enough, good quality water available.  For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Range and Forage Specialist, Jerry Volesky. 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.  Beef industry policy issues are being studied by UNL students at the Krezinger Beef Industry Scholars Program. Nebraska extension ag policy specialist Brad Lubin says, the students are looking at specific issues like market risk, trade policies, traceability, labeling, and animal health. Brad points out that the beef industry has been a bright spot in agriculture, as other issues like crop production are facing challenges.

[Brad Lubben, Nebraska Extension Ag Policy Specialist]
Yes, it's, it's, it's certainly, uh, a reality that the beef history is driving the state ag economy at the moment.

In fact, if we look at farm income numbers in general that I, uh, that I look at regularly, 4 years ago, the livestock sector and the crop sector were largely on par with each other in terms of total receipts.

This year, the livestock sector is more than twice the crop sector in terms of total receipts, and 90% of the livestock sector is cattle in Nebraska.

So we know it's the cattle industry.

We know prices are up.

We know it's because supplies are down.

The cattle herd is low, which limits the availability of feeder cattle and cattle to be fed.

And so it limits supplies.

Consumer demand is held up amazingly well.

And record prices have helped drive, drive receipts and profitability higher, all the way back through the supply chain.

It doesn't mean there aren't challenges and issues ahead, but certainly some of the issues are maybe a little bit less onerous given the great returns at the moment.

Fundamentally, I think of the cattle marketing, and there's a cattle marketing committee, discussion that happens at the national conference.

Oftentimes, cattle marketing committee is concerned about the competitiveness of the marketplace, whether there are ample bids, whether there is enough transparency and competition in the market to find and receive a fair price.

Well, at at this point in time, when cattle supplies are so short, it's actually the cattle producers that may have the most leverage in the market, as opposed to traditional perspectives, that it's the feeders in the agribusiness sector that has more control.

Well, at the moment, then cattle, uh, and ultimately cattle, uh, calf producers are, are benefiting from that, uh, that leverage in the market and, and suddenly price discovery isn't quite the issue with.

It's still an issue.

There are still concerns, there are still national discussions of concentration in the sector and an analysis of whether the sector is competitive or not.

But the immediate focus on price discovery and price transparency isn't quite the same as it is when prices are struggling.

That doesn't mean that producers don't face risk.

And that doesn't mean that producers aren't still concerned about the bottom line. At these record prices.

We also have record capital investments in those animals.

And volatility in the marketplace that is dramatic from one day or one week to the next.

So producers may be enjoying record prices and record returns for the moment.

They're also facing much greater risks than they have.

One of the tools that we see that's also discussed during these meetings and across the industry is the use of some of the newer risk management products.

Livestock revenue protection is a price risk management product.

The pasture range in forage program is a drought focused production management component helps you manage your grazing capacity.

So both of those insurance tools have really come on board in the last 20 to 25 years.

Both of those have grown dramatically in terms of their usage and have become an important part of the cattle producer's, uh, risk management portfolio.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was part one of a discussion on the beef industry issues. Stay tuned for part 2 where Brad discusses trade that affects both producers and consumers. To read the detailed article, or to hear the entire interview, go to UNL Center for ag profitabilitie’s website, at cap.unl.edu, or download from Apple Podcasts or Spotify, for Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Check any empty pasture land in Nebraska, and chances are they'll be dotted with eastern red cedar sprouts or actual trees in some cases. UNL Woody Invasion ecologist Dillon Fogerty says, the cedars are a threat to our grasslands, and talks about a few possible solutions.

[Dillon Fogerty UNL Woody Invasion Ecologist]
We're seeing large grassland areas over just a 30 year time period transition to, you know, eastern red cedar dominance.

It really is a massive change that we're seen in our grasslands.

So essentially our grasslands have become more vulnerable to woody encroachment over the last century.

Um, and so what we're seeing is grasslands across the Great Plains are transitioning to a eastern red cedar dominated state.

There's 2 big factors.

I hit on that are driving that vulnerability.

The one is seed sources.

We've increased grassland exposure to seed sources, tree plantings and encroachment have just introduced more seed sources on the landscape that are contributing to encroachment.

The other factor is grasslands are more sensitive to witty encroachment today than in the past.

You know, fire has been a critical component of of maintaining resilient great plains grasslands.

As we've removed fire, largely from the Great Plains, you know, that takes away a pretty important controlling limiting factor for trees, allowing them to spread more rapidly and take over our grasslands.

So this is a strategy for managing woody encroachment on the landscape.

You know, past approaches have really focused on what tools you can use to manage the problem, what defend the core grow the core does, is it introduces a strategy for using those tools.

So instead of focusing on, you know, highly infested areas where our odds of success, long term, are tend to be low.

With this strategy, we focus on our best grasslands, and then we work towards the problem.

So we're identifying, we're number one, we're protecting our best grasslands.

And number two, we're working in the least encroached areas where we can make the most gains and have the biggest bang for our buck.

So with the defend the core grow the core approach.

Instead of focusing on emergency care.

We're using preventative and proactive care.

To number one, protect our most intact grasslands.

And then number two, we can identify some of the most cost-effective areas to manage encroachment.

Some of the problems with the past approach is that we're putting all of our management resources into infested areas.

Meanwhile, the front lines of the problem were advancing into our best grasslands where we weren't focusing on.

And so we're missing those opportunities for management.

What ended up happening at large scales like, um, in grassland regions or at the state or biome level, is we were chasing the problem with management.

And so the idea behind defend the car, grow the car, is we're not going to chase the problem anymore.

We're going to get out in front of it. And meet it on the front lines.

One of the things we talk about is identifying where those intact grasslands occur. Because they serve as anchor points for new management strategies.

So, as a general rule of thumb, uh, based on research out of the sandhills, over 95% of Eastern Red City recruitment occurs within 2 football fields of a seed source.

So we, when we talk about intact grasslands, we consider those areas that are more than 2 football fields from the nearest seed source.

From a planning standpoint.

When you're out on the land, you can identify those intact areas, and then think about where are those seed sources, and where can I put management to, uh, number one, defend those areas, those intact areas?

And then number two, where can I grow those areas?

And so, you know, defend the core, grow the core, is a strategy that we can, we can plug in different tools.

So we can use mechanical cutting to remove mature seed sources.

We can use prescribed fire to manage seeds, seedlings, and mature trees, but it allows us to plug in different management tools to achieve our different goals.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Alfalfa weevil continues to be an issue in some fields, particularly those that are established. With recent population spikes and feeding damage observed, alfalfa producers throughout the state are urged to scout for this pest up to and shortly following first cutting.

Plant injury from alfalfa weevil feeding damage appears as pinholes in the terminal leaves, with leaves becoming skeletonized and fields appearing droughty or frosted as feeding severity increases. Larvae are 1/10” to ½” long with a black head, wrinkled green body, and white stripe along the back and will curl into a C-shape when disturbed. 

Scouting for alfalfa weevil is simple and can mitigate yield losses due to feeding damage. First, use a sweep net to determine whether larvae are present. If they are, randomly select 5 sites across the field and collect 10 stems at each site, cutting the stems at ground level. Beat the stems into a deep sided white bucket, count the total number of larvae, and divide by 10 to determine the average number of larvae per stem. Economic thresholds for Alfalfa Weevil can vary greatly from an average of 1-7 larvae per stem, depending on a variety of factors. If very small larvae are found before the first cutting, it is recommended that the field be scouted after cutting to check for feeding on regrowth.

Insecticides labeled for alfalfa weevil control include pyrethroids and products containing indoxacarb (such as Steward). Pyrethroids are more harmful to natural enemies of alfalfa weevil and resistance may be developing in some weevil populations, while indoxacarb is more selective and may help to maintain beneficial insect populations. When alfalfa reaches 50% or more bud stage, it may be more profitable to cut the alfalfa early rather than treat it. 

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Crops & Water Educator, Samantha Daniel.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Proteins in the diet for cattle is a critical element for producers to consider. Nebraska extension educator Hannah Greenwell says there are significant differences in the types of protein, and each has an important role to play in the cow's diet.

[Hanna Greenwell, Nebraska Extension Educator]
It's not just as simple as we're short protein, so let's plug in this feed stuff that we have sitting around and we're going to move forward in the direction that the goals that we want to have for supplementing that animal.

There's a lot of variation in how we can do that.

And that's the beauty of the cattle industries.

We all do it differently so that we can all do it best within our resources.

And so, making sure that we understand that protein type of what is truly demanded by the animal.

What are we looking to accomplish?

When we put additional feedstuffs or even a total mixed ration, what are we looking to accomplish when we put a feedstuff in front of that animal?

Are we trying to simply maintain?

Are we looking at a, a dry cow who's simply just gestating?

Are we looking at a replacement heifer who we're breeding for the 1st time?

Are we looking at a 2nd calf heffer that we're trying to get rebred with a calf on our side?

So we're facing a lactation curve?

And then there's also the baseline of just growing calves, whether that look like a calf that we are just right at weaning or right now we can talk about how we're taking cattle to grass.

Those growing requirements look very, very different compared to that dry cow who's just trying to maintain.

And so, how do we take that nutrition required?

And the specific situation of animal and class of animal.

And we pair that properly with what our feed provided or nutrition provided resources are in our area, and do it the most economically and efficient way so that we can make sure that we're looking at feed stuff that are going to meet that supplementation goal, that are providing the right kind of protein, but make sure that that feed stuff is truly doing what our supplementation goals are as we desire them to be.

So the simple one to understand is gonna be your room indegradable protein, and you might hear people refer to it as RDP.

That is the protein that is solely meant for feeding the microbes or the room and population of bugs that exist to ferment and break down forges.

This is this is a superpower of the cattle industry.

We're able to take those undesirable protein sources that we as humans, don't necessarily break down, but cattle can do it for us.

And so that is what that protein source does.

It feeds the microbes within the room and environment.

So it doesn't, it's not necessarily directly accessible to the animal.

The other half of that, and I shouldn't say half, because each feed stuff has its own component of these different types of protein.

And so, the other portion of that would be room and undegradable protein.

Um, really, really creative there, but you get the and then it's, and some people refer to it as RUP.

This protein is uh, very well protected as it moves through the rumen and passes post roomly, you know, into the lower portion of the digestive tract.

You see a lot of this absorbed in the small intestine.

This acts more like protein that we see absorbed in our bodies.

And so this is what you would see as what is directly available to the animal.

So you're dealing with 2 different things you're trying to feed here.

You've got the microbes in the room and then you've got the animal itself.

And so there's 2 different portions of that.

Now, each feed stuff has a different percentage of RUP and R DP.

And we can measure that, that there's a lot of research behind that.

You can find that in, in those nutrition resources.

And so you might see a feed stuff that is 30% RDP, but 70% R UP.

And then the reverse, you can flip that and one might be 70% RDP and 30% REP.

And so it just depends.

There's an opportunity to break down that cost. Based on whether you're trying to supplement something that's just maintaining or you're trying to supplement something that is, you're trying to get a growing requirement out of a lactation requirement. Et cetera.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was a portion taken from a recent beef watch podcast. If you'd like to hear the rest of the interview, go to beef.unl.edu or download from Apple iTunes. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension, Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Invasive species are plants, animals, or other organisms that are found in an area that they are not native from. Nebraska invasive species council coordinator Shannon Smith says, they don't have to come from a foreign country. It could be something from somewhere relatively close by. She says, whether by intention or accidentally, invasive species, in this case, plants can quickly take over an area by out-competing native plants.

[Shannon Smith, Nebraska Invasive Species Council Coordinator]
Invasive plants are plants that are found in an area where they are not from.

A lot of time when we think about invasive species, we think of them as being brought from very far away, like another country, continent or state.

However, they can also be from more close by, like another county, city, or neighboring habitat.

They're usually brought by someone or something accidentally or on purpose.

Once they're brought to a new area, they cause harm to the environment, economy, or human health.

When we buy plants, like ornamental or fruit trees, flowers and shrubs for our home landscape, we want them to be hardy and easy to take care of, with a reasonable expectation that they will thrive in our landscape.

Traits like these are built into plants we purchase because we don't want them to wither and die.

They are bred with a certain amount of durability.

The flip side of that is those characteristics can lead to plants that want to take over the landscape and removal will be a problem.

Common characteristics of invasive plants is that they grow rapidly, they're periflic seed spreaders, they have little to no natural predators, and they spread very aggressively.

And so we will often see that they out compete native plant species for nutrients that they need to survive and other resources, like water, space, and sunlight.

So we'll often see the landscape change from a diverse native landscape with a lot of pollinators and different plants to a dense monoculture of the invasive species with little to no pollinators.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Shannon talks about a few common invasive plants here in Nebraska. The surprising thing is, some of these plants are available to purchase in garden centers. She says homeowners should be aware of the invasive nature of some of these plants, and carefully consider what could happen if they aren't mindful of a plants and base of issues.

[Shannon Smith, Nebraska Invasive Species Council Coordinator]
Some major invasive species that we see in Nebraska are ornamental pear trees, which are Calgary, Bradford pears, tree of heaven, a more honeysuckle, Japanese knot weed, and purple loostripe.

And some of these plants are actually plant chicken find at major nurseries in the state.

So we encourage you to do your research on what type of property you're on and what area you live in to determine what native species would be beneficial to plant for you.

Calorie pairs here in Nebraska is a clear example of something that was extremely popular, but now has presented a problem because of its invasive characteristics.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
The problem isn't much of a big deal in home landscapes, because of frequent mowing and homeowners uprooting the sprouts, but it can become a serious problem because of the spread in natural landscapes. And in Nebraska, that has caused a real problem in grasslands and woodland areas where they outcompete native trees and aggressively spread to other natural areas. In home landscapes, their weak wood is highly susceptible to storm damage. So take a minute to consider what you are buying at the garden center and be aware of these common invasive species here in Nebraska.For Nebraska extension almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

As pastures begin to green up, now is the time to scout pastures for two persistent problems—leafy spurge and nonnative thistles like musk, plumeless, and Canada thistle. Both are Nebraska noxious weeds, and early spring is the best opportunity for control.

Leafy spurge is a deep-rooted perennial with a yellow-green flower that shows up early in the season. Its root system can reach 15 feet deep, making it extremely difficult to control. Spring herbicide applications at the at the bud stage, include 2,4-D ester, Graslan L, Tordon 22K, or picloram 22K. At flowering, options broaden to products like Curtail, Cody, Stinger, Streamline, Overdrive plus Tordon 22K, or Sharpen plus Plateau can reduce spurge growth and seed production. Just remember—one treatment won’t be enough. A follow-up fall application is often needed to catch regrowth and keep infestations from spreading.

Thistles, especially nonnative species like musk and plumeless, should also be targeted in early spring. Look for plants in the rosette to bolting stage—that’s when herbicides work best. Top-rated products include Chaparral, Milestone, Transline and Opensight, with several other options depending on the specific species. Canada thistle, being a perennial, responds best to fall herbicide applications, but you can reduce spread now by mowing in June and July, and applying 2,4-D or a dicamba mix as a stopgap until fall.  Just make sure to control before flowers occur.

Whichever weed you’re battling, control efforts need to start early and be followed up throughout the season.  Our publication, EC-130 “Guide for Weed, Disease, and Insect Management in Nebraska” provides a list of recommended herbicide options and cost comparison of spurge, thistle, and other noxious weed control products. Read and follow label directions, and don’t wait to control these weeds until they are flowering—by then, your options are limited, control is less effective, and next year’s seed is being spread.

With today’s Pasture & Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Family outdoor activities are ramping up with the nice weather. Just be sure to protect yourself from the ticks that are out, also enjoying the weather. Extension anemologist Jody Green says, just a few things will help you avoid having your trips to the park ruined. On today's almanac, Jody will give us some practical tips to protect you and your family from ticks.

[Jody Green, Nebraska Extension Urban Entomologist]
One of the questions I get every year is, isn't it too early for ticks?

Well, the answer is no.

While snow is the best discourure of ticks, ticks can be active all year round, especially when it's above 50 degrees, and that snow cover has disappeared.

And we have several different species of ticks, all which can be found at different temperatures and times of the year.

So I'm here to tell you how to protect yourself, because we all want to be outside enjoying the weather.

So before you go outside, make sure you've got clothes that you can tuck in, you want to tuck your shirt into your pants, and it's not very stylish, but tuck your pants into your socks.

Ticks attach near the ground, on low vegetation.

They're down questing.

So ticks will attach low to the ground, and then they will climb upward.

This is why we often find ticks like the American dog ticks in the hair, on the scalp, close to the head.

So we want to always be checking those areas, especially for our children, who are out at recess and will soon be partaking in those school trips, those field trips outdoors.

For some of our older friends, who love to garden and walk dogs, we want to make sure we're checking them, or reminding them to check themselves and their pets.

I hear many stories of people not treating their pets with preventative until after Memorial Day, and that is far too late.

Ticks are out now, so we want to consult with our veterinarian and get our dogs on some kind of prevention, so that those ticks will be left outdoors, or if they do attach to your pet, that they will be killed before they get to you.

What you need to do, no matter what kind of repellents or per math or entreated clothes you wear, you still want to perform a really thorough tick check.

So after coming in from outdoors, you want to take a shower, as quick as you can, and check all those areas for ticks.

Take those clothes that you wore outside, and put them in a hot dryer, tumble them in there for 10 to 20 minutes, and that will kill any ticks hitchhiking in.

If you do find a tick.

And it is embedded.

We don't want to panic.

We want to remove those ticks as quick as possible, but also as safe as possibly.

Get a pointed tip tweezers, and grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible, and pull straight back.

We want to make sure to get all the parts of the tick out and keep that tick for identification.

And if you feel any health effects and you feel sick, please see a doctor and tell them what type of tick you were bitten by.

We also have a local tick testing program, and if you want to send your ticks there to have it tested, you can do that as well.

That helps us collect data from the pathogens of the ticks in our local area, but should not be used as a diagnostic tool.

So get out there and enjoy the weather, but just make sure to check yourself.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
As Jodi said, simple things like wearing clothing impregnated with insecticides, tucking your pants into your socks, applying some protection from products containing Diet, doing tick checks when you arrive home, and tossing your clothing in the dryer will all help you and your family members avoid ticks. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Trees make our home landscapes more beautiful, help save energy with the shade they cast, and our home to a wide variety of wildlife and insects. And it's important to have a wide variety of shade trees, ornamental trees as well as under canopy smaller trees. Great Plains nursery owner, Heather Byers says, another benefit to having diverse trees is that if some new disease or insect pest comes along, your landscape won't suffer as much damage. She talks about the importance of tree diversity in the home landscape on today's almanac.

[Heather Byers, Great Plains Nursery Owner]
A healthy home landscape starts with a diverse canopy of trees, shrubs, and perennials.

Today we're going to talk about diversity in regards to trees.

The 1st thing to think about in regards to your trees is your large maturing shade trees.

Having one or two nice, large maturing shade trees on your property is essential.

Those are the trees that provide the most shade, giving energy savings, and also provide storm water mitigation.

They slow down wind, provide protection for your property.

You can also consider ornamental trees for your property.

Those add a lot of value with beauty, pollinators, pollinator habitat, oftentimes you can introduce different berries, and lots of great fall color.

And fall color is a wonderful addition for any sized tree.

And it's really fun to mix up the different species in regards to the habitat that you can create, and then all the different interests and textures that you can create for your yard.

Diversity of species is essential when it comes to being resilient against insect and disease pressures.

If something new moves in, be it, you know, most recently, we can remember Emerald Dashboard, Dutch elm disease, we don't know what's next on the horizon.

So by having a well diverse home landscape and community landscape, it sets yourself up for a much more resilient landscape that can withstand, and you're losing much less of your landscape.

So maybe you just lose one tree versus losing multiple trees on your property because of having a monoculture of trees.

That diversity is really key.

Something else to consider when choosing the right treats for your landscape would be focusing on our keystone species.

Those are our native plants that have evolved here within our eco region, and support the most insect in birds within our eco region.

So things like oaks, choke cherries, black cherries, plums, our native willows.

One of my favorites is prairie willows, which offer a smaller sized plant.

When it comes to choosing new plants for your home landscape, considered diversity with texture, color, and natives.

Another thing to consider when choosing new trees for your home landscape is the size of trees that you choose.

Young trees, in the size range of anywhere from one foot up to five to six, seven feet tall, are young trees, often within that three to four year old range.

And those have shown us time and time again that they transplant really well.

They can initiate new roots quickly, being a young tree, and that proves to have transplant success.

And long term viability and success within our landscape.

In any case, different varieties of trees will make your home more beautiful and vibrant, as well as avoiding some random disease and insect problems that could come up in the future.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Listings of good tree selections can be found at the Nebraska statewide arboretum website at plantnebraska.org. That's plantnebraska.org. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Smooth bromegrass and other cool-season grass hay fields are growing rapidly with seedheads beginning to appear.   When do you typically cut your grass hay?  Ideally, cutting your grass hay so the grass nutrient content matches with the nutritional needs of your livestock is best.  

Crude protein and energy concentration declines in grass hay as plants become stemmy and mature.  With smooth bromegrass for example, research has shown that crude protein content declines rapidly between boot and mature seed stages.  Crude protein levels in well fertilized hay harvested at early heading range from 10 –18 percent, but drop rapidly after heading. Decreases in crude protein levels by as much as one-half percent per day after heading have been recorded.

Also keep in mind that plants tend to mature sooner when conditions are dry and temperatures are warmer than normal.

For Sandhills subirrigated meadows, haying typically starts in early July.  However, if harvest occurs around the third week of June, then that hay will have significantly higher crude protein content.  Earlier meadow harvest will have lower initial hay yield, but it will also provide a longer regrowth period and extra growth for fall grazing.  

So, a good approach is to plan what type of livestock will receive the grass hay from each field.  Young livestock need high nutrient concentrations so cut that hay before or just when heads begin to emerge.  If the hay will go to mature dry cows instead, let the grass produce a bit more tonnage and cut it after it is well headed out, but before seeds develop.

Matching your hay harvest with your plan of use can pay handsome dividends in lower costs and less supplementing.  For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Range and Forage Specialist, Jerry Volesky.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Grasslands are the number one use of land in Nebraska, and cover almost half the state, but transitions away from maintaining our state's grasslands are leading to many problems for farmers and ranchers. Dirac Twidwell, a professor in the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture at UNL describes his research on the benefits, grasslands have on human well-being, and his work with grassland owners across the Great Plains to combat these problems.

[Dirac Twidwell, UNL Agronomy & Horticulture Professor]
We specialize in, uh, grassland conservation, uh, their management at large scales, so we do a lot in the state, working with ranchers, industry, a number of stakeholders on it.

I think for a lot of people, grasslands are often talked about it.

They're the least conserved, often most underfunded, least appreciated.

And so it's one of those, uh, that a lot of Nebraskans don't know it's our number one land use in the state.

Covers over half the state.

And it's vital to a number of our ecosystem services, both for agricultural productivity, preventing major issues associated with, like, natural disasters like wildfire.

They're surprising disease vectors, when we lose grasslands, things like woody encroachment.

So our lab really focuses on how grasslands are important to human well being, not just to a producer on a ranch, not just for, say, like, wildlife conservation, but to the entire state.

Our grasslands, because they're overwhelmingly privately owned in the state.

One of the important things that we started doing several years ago is working with teams and collaborations of rancher communities.

And so we've been able to scale up from instead of just working on individual experiment or place, collaborating at, you know, hundreds of thousands of acres across multiple communities in the state, spanning areas like southwest Nebraska, less canyons, sandhills, southeast, northeast, up in the Pine Ridge.

And that's helped us align local needs and rancher needs, too, a lot of supporting groups.

So grasslands, there's that entity that brings all these groups with their individual values together, spanning wildlife water production.

And we slide into that, kind of that classical land gram mission of where research and that technical expertise fits into how we support this privately owned resource that, historically and still today, is the majority of our state.

When we're looking at grasslands today and the opportunity going forward, I mean, we're all really specialized in what we know with our jobs, and that is where the next level and nexus is.

If we, you know, which areas today are contributing the most to our rangeland productivity, which obviously is a key cornerstone of our beef industry here in the state.

But there's also areas that are disproportionately important for bird conservation, which are the fastest group of declining species, or grassland birds.

So, then, if we knew where water is critical, and things like woody encroachment pose those risks across all three of those sectors, that's where we're able to start teasing apart different specializations of, like, what's our hydraulology team know well?

And building that over with, like, our avian conservation, with, like, people in animal science, with our beef industry and sector?

And that's what ranchers and a lot of these groups that work in grasslands are dealing with all the time.

They're not managing just one thing.

They're managing the ecosystem.

And so when we do that, and, you know, the growing wildfire issue in the state, like, that's where I want to see things be able to grow, is we're having teams of people across all units.

And we're getting a lot of interest from other universities on that, as well, because that's a common shared pool of questions that every land grant institution has here in the Great Plains.

So that's what I think is next.

Like, not only getting our land grants more collaborative on these big questions in space.

And what we're seeing on the back end is that's directly fueling those conservation partners, like the USDA and our state wildlife agencies.

It makes that science more actionable.

And that really goes back to really helping one group, and that's the ranchers that own those land.

They're not just profitable because of what they're doing on the ground.

They're managing for our water resources, our biodiversity, these other things we care about, that we often take for granted that's on their shoulders, because they're the key decision maker.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska extension almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

As we work our way through spring, many small grains are maturing fast and nearing harvest windows. Are you ready to make the most out of these forage options?

Producers seeking hay should consider the animal being fed and feeding method before harvesting.  For young growing cattle, small grain hay should be cut in the boot stage or as soon as possible following heading to ensure higher protein and energy content. Mature cow and feedlot managers may consider delaying their forage harvest until the hard dough development stage to increase forage quantity; since these cattle can utilize lower quality forage than younger beef animals. Small grains with awns like rye, triticale, and wheat can be a concern at later maturities.  Grinding the hay, feeding in ration with additional moisture, or using an awnless (beardless) variety can reduce this risk.

No matter how you harvest, delaying can mean higher productivity. Nebraska studies have shown an 8 ton as harvested feed per acre increase between harvest at boot stage and soft dough on irrigated fields. The trade-off for delaying forage harvest was an 8% drop in crude protein content.

Another concern for silage harvesters is proper moisture when packing.  A statewide study looking at 17 Nebraska producers found the biggest loss of small grain silage quality was packing too wet despite almost all producers having wilted the crop before packing. Silage packed too wet had almost 3 times the energy loss that those packed at proper moisture content Shoot for 70-72% moisture for proper packing. Study survey data showed producers who harvested at boot, heading, or pollination stage and wilted for 16 to 24 hours appeared more likely to achieve target moisture levels. 

With today’s Pasture & Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.

Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. On a recent program, UNL Ag Economics Professor Jay Parsons talked about writing down your personal values and using that to establish a vision or mission statement for your farmer ranch. On today's almanac, he details the actual process of writing your mission statement.

[Jay Parsons, UNL Ag Econ Professor]
So how do you go about writing these statements?

Okay.

And, um, as with anything, it's the process that's most important because it makes you think through some of this stuff. Okay?

It's not, you want to finish product, of course, to look good, but you'll get 2 or 3 times out of just the process doing it, as you will, with the actual product that comes out.

This is the best advice I can give.

If you're going to sit there and think about what is important to you, how to articulate what the vision or the mission of this operation, farmer ranch operation is or any business for that matter, think of the 5 things.

You want people to see or know about your farm, you know, but when they talk about you and your farm or ranch operation, what are the main or the top 5 things you want them to say about you once they get to know you and once they look at what you're doing in your operation?

If there's more than one person involved, Each of you should do this on your own 1st and then compare notes and bring those together.

Okay, normally these are very short, 2 or 3 sentences would be nice.

You'll see some that are up on the internet that are quite, quite long, but what you are trying to do is come up with a concise statement of why you exist.

Why do you want to be a farmer or a rancher or run this operation?

What is it that you hope to achieve and a little bit about your philosophy, of how you go about achieving that?

And then last piece is how do you serve those that are affected by your work, that includes people within your organization, how you treat your employees or if your organization is made up of primarily a family members, how you treat your family members within there, and then also how you interact with the public in general, and those that buy your products.

So here's some examples of a farm vision statement.

This is one out of that's being used in a lot of agribusiness, uh, um, classes around the country.

Um, and I used it in one that I taught uh, years ago, but uh, basically it's a Cornelius Farms vision statement.

It's to be a farm business that farms and or manages land, to best satisfy the landowner.

So right away, they're articulating that they rent a lot of their land, and they view their landowners as one of their primary customers.

They wanted to be one of the very best farmers and farm managers in a region.

How they want people to view them.

To rent farmland by striving to obtain maximum income per acre, thus creating maximum profits for the landlord intended, through the use of distinguished management of the land.

So, they want to basically maximize those net returns for both them and the landlord.

So that's part of their objectives, right?

That's a value that they have in place.

Theyre in business to make money.

And they want more the better.

Um, but they want to do it by having good management of the land.

So they want to take care of the land.

We also have the model that appearances everything that goes for equipment and your land.

We make every effort to ensure that the landowner's land is virtually weed free and well kept.

So the last sentence kind of provides a vision of it, but the key piece there is taking care of the land is one of their core values.

You start this by getting uh, taking some time to identify your core values.

And if there's other family members involved in that operation with you.

Have them identify theirs and have a frank and honest conversation and come to a consensus on the core values that are going to drive this family farmer ranch down the path into the into the future vision that uh, that you hope to achieve.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
You can find more information on planning your future and writing a mission statement by going to UNL Center for Ag Profitability’s website at CAP.UNL.edu. That's cap.unl.edu. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans go to extension.unl.edu.
 

NicoleWasteManagement26 Transcript:

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Waste products like manure and food waste make up a large portion of the agricultural production in Nebraska. Dr. Nicole Buan, professor of biochemistry at the university, discusses her team's research in engineering methane producing Archaea, and the benefits they provide in waste management and our bioeconomy.

[Nicole Buan, UNL Professor of Biochemistry]
So what we do is we engineer these tiny organisms called methano archaea.

So what they are great at is taking waste products like manure, food waste, um, all the stuff we can't eat.

It's not food vinegar.

And they turn it into methane energy.

So it's really um, a huge opportunity for Nebraska because we have so much of that waste, uh, biomass from all the different ag processing that we do.

And these organisms can turn that straight into energy.

And actually, even for Nebraska.

I think, I think it's like per capita, Nebraskans use more energy than any other state in the country because we use that to make food.

Um, so if we can generate more energy using methanoarchia, it really does a ton for our bioeconomy.

And the fun thing that we do in this lab is we're really taking DNA from other extreme microbes or even from plants or other sources, and we're putting them into our methano archaea.

So we're giving them new traits and we're also making them go faster and be better.

So the 1st thing is we grow them in these anaerobic culture tubes called bulch tubes.

So we're controlling the atmosphere that they can grow in.

And then we have incubators where we control the temperature.

But what we do, a lot of work with some methanoarchia is in our anaerobic chamber system.

We actually have catalysts that remove every last speck of oxygen.

Uh, and that allows our methanoarchia microbes to grow better.

Um, and so we're controlling um, not just the temperature, but also the atmosphere.

And so that's what this anerobic chamber system lets us do.

Um, and, uh, this is actually one of the, um, uh, premier kind of systems in this country.

There's there's companies that have much larger ones, of course, but for a university setup, we can do everything that we would want to do with our methano Archaea to engineer them in the system here.

So to us, that really means taking a big shot, um, going all in, going all the way forward, um, and being really fearless about the research that we're doing.

So we're not going to be, you know, intimidated about being in a smaller university or, you know, in a smaller program.

We're going to swing for the fences.

And in fact, that's what we've been able to do.

We've developed several really innovative new technologies, things that other people hadn't even thought about or didn't even think was possible with Methano Archaea.

And we were really able to do that because of that go big red spirit.

We actually have a fantastic tech transfer office and new tech ventures here at UNL.

So I, along with another colleague, Paul Blum and another department, actually form the company molecular trait evolution.

And my previous grad student is now the CEO of that company.

So we're really taking, um, interesting, um, enzymes and traits from extremophilic microbes and, um, that company is really, uh, brand new startup and it's doing really well so far.

And we're hoping to use those enzymes to decrease the water use for ethanol production, and to capture as much sugar as we can, from corn or soybeans or even waste biomass, like switch grass or something like that.

So we think, you know, really that's a UNL innovation, uh, in inter disciplinary collaborative project that we were able to do with uh, some seed funding that we have here at the university, uh, and we're launching that company and hopefully it'll, it'll take off.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

The 2026 rangeland grasshopper risk map from the USDA indicates there may be increased grasshopper activity in the eastern panhandle and southwestern Nebraska. Keeping an eye on fields this spring and summer can help mitigate economic loss from grasshopper feeding. 

Grasshoppers tend to thrive in dry, hot conditions while outbreaks can be severely limited by cool, wet spring weather; however, it is still recommended that producers throughout the state scout their fields while grasshoppers are in the nymph stage and therefore easier to control. Degree-day models estimate that current grasshopper populations are still in the early nymph stage, making this the best time to scout pastures including field margins.

One of the best ways to scout for grasshoppers is to use the square foot method. Randomly select an area several feet away and visualize a one square-foot area around that spot. Walk toward this spot and count the number of grasshoppers you see in or jumping out of this area. Repeat this procedure 18 times and divide the total number of grasshoppers by two. This will give you the number of grasshoppers per square yard. Economic thresholds for grasshoppers range from 8 to 40 grasshoppers per square yard, depending on a variety of factors. Keep in mind that control is generally recommended before grasshoppers reach maturity.

For current insecticide recommendations for controlling grasshoppers in rangeland, forages, alfalfa, and other crops, please contact your county extension office.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Crops & Water Educator, Samantha Daniel.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. With so much day to day activity on any farm or ranch, it can be difficult to plan ahead or simply understand basic goals and preparations for the future of the operation. UNL Ag Economics Professor Jay Parsons says, having a mission or vision statement is critical to setting goals, making good decisions, and the very future of the operation. He says that starts with determining what your values are.

[Jay Parsons, UNL Ag Econ Professor]
Let's start with a short discussion on values and what they are.

Values are standards, beliefs, or qualities that you consider worth upholding or pursuing.

Values are the way you think things should be.

So they're an ideal picture of how you think people should communicate and treat each other and how they should interact with the environment around them.

Values are what you stand for.

They're things that you don't compromise on.

If one of your values is honesty, you don't just lie when it's convenient for you.

Values can be on different levels.

Values can be personal.

I mentioned honesty, spirituality would be another one.

Things that you typically put in the bucket of being family values.

It can also be economic values.

What kind of lifestyle do you want to live?

Values of saving money up for retirement and such.

Values can be operational, the way you do things, the way you grow your crops.

Maybe it's a, basically the quality that you produce or how you go about producing that in terms of being organic or non-organic, different things like that can be a part of your value system.

And in that same bucket, there's environmental values out there, basically uh, maintaining the soil and the environment around you, water quality issues and stuff like that can enter into and be a core value of the way you do things and the way you think, think things through.

And then there's community values, which is, you know, just communication with those around you, the way you treat each other, uh, general respect for each other and helping each other out.

Those values need to get conglomerated into either a mission or a vision statement, and either one of these is a statement of the purpose of the operation, and that they explain a little bit about what the business organization is, the products and services that they actually put out.

Um, the direction of that business.

The reason it is in business, and in the case of a vision statement, uh, in particular, it could be, it should be more of a long run focus of the operation.

Matter of fact, that's one of the distinguishing features a little bit between a mission and a vision statement.

As the vision is looking out a little bit more in a futuristic sense.

The statement should also explain the uniqueness of the business.

Okay?

They should incorporate those values, the uniqueness of the people involved, and the combination of products and services that that business is providing.

So I mentioned vision or mission, and as I said earlier, there is a subtle difference with them between them and that division is more broad and more future oriented.

It's like a goal out there on horizon, 10, 20, 30 years down the road.

More of an idealistic view of where you would like to be, a little more general in nature.

A mission statement is more focused and it's on how you will get to that horizon.

When you see these statements put out by businesses, whether the farm business or any business for that matter, sometimes it's hard to tell the difference between the 2 and it sometimes it's very hard to find a business that actually puts out both of these.

So I'm not advocating that you need to have both a vision and a mission statement, but you should certainly take the time to put together one or the other.

And both of them should be foundationally based on your value system.

What is it that's important to you?

So you take those things that you think are important?

You provide some to direction and the way you would like to go with those, and state some very clear objectives, like I would like to increase the quality of the soil on my operation or something like that, and you want to incorporate that, then in your vision and your mission statement.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Stay tuned to future almanac programs where Jay continues to stress how important a mission statement can be for any operation for Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills.  Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Oats, spring triticale or barley planted early this spring will soon be ready for grazing.  The potential seems great, but you may be disappointed if you don’t graze it right.

Oat pastures have increased in popularity in recent years.  They can reduce problems from drought and provide fast, early grazing.  Oat pastures can be very productive and last through early summer, but they also disappoint sometimes.  While we don’t know all we need to know, here are a few grazing recommendations that will help you succeed.

Oats grows rapidly.  Once it gets five or six inches tall, it quickly can shoot up to a foot tall in almost no time.  As nice as this sounds, if initial oat growth gets that tall it may not stool out, tiller, and regrow after grazing very well.  So it’s important to start grazing early and to graze hard enough to keep your oats vegetative and leafy, thereby stimulating it to constantly form new tillers.

So how early is early?  That’s hard to say, but if your animals start to first graze when oats get six to eight inches tall and they remove just half the growth it should recover rapidly and tiller well.  You probably will need to give your oats a couple weeks to regrow after this first grazing, though, before grazing again.

After this first grazing stimulates tillering, keep oat regrowth between six and sixteen inches tall using either continuous or rotational stocking.  Begin with a light stocking rate, maybe about one animal every two or three acres.  Then adjust animal numbers as growth changes.  Don’t worry if a few plants head out.  But if many plants get tall and approach the boot stage, either stock heavily for one last hard graze-out grazing or consider cutting for hay.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Range and Forage Specialist, Jerry Volesky

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Farmers and ranchers here in Nebraska have had to deal with wildfires and severe drought in some places, and the damage that they cause can be a tricky problem when it comes to taxes. On a recent almanac, Nebraska farm business director, Tina Barrett, discuss how being prepared before these unfortunate events take place to make a significant difference on your taxes.  She continues that discussion today by focusing on lost forage from drought or wildfire, and how ranchers might need to make some decisions about their livestock.

[Tina Barrett, Director – Nebraska Farm Business]
So we have 2 options.

And really even if it's the wildfire impact, we're really going to rely on the drought, which caused the wildfires as probably the deferral options with the livestock.

So we're really talking about those drought deferral options either way.

So we have 2 options with that.

One of them is a one year deferral, and any livestock counts for that.

So feeding, breeding, all of it.

And so that gives us a kind of a flexibility, but what that does in a kind of real short terms is allows you to defer your excess sales to the next year.

So we need to look back at the number of head that you sold the last 3 years, compare that to the number of head that you sold this year, and then take a per head average and carry that forward.

So it's not as simple as if you sold your calf crop in January.

And then sold the next year's crop in December instead of holding it till January.

It's not like, we can't just take that December check and roll it to January.

We need to do some calculations, but, you know, that one, again, works for any kind of livestock, but we do have to make that calculation by type.

So we would look at the calves and the number of excess.

We would look at the cows and the number of excess, and we look at the bulls and the number of excess.

And that just moves that into the following year.

So it works really well, especially with feeding livestock to kind of keep it on a similar half as what your history is.

You do have to have be in an area that was eligible for federal assistance.

If we would get a FEMA, you know, presidential declaration for that area, which could be coming with the wildfires, that's an automatic guaranteed.

But I think we can also look at some of the other things that come from federal assistance outside of FEMA as justification for that.

And the drought monitor is a great resource to show that there's definitely a drought happening and and those kinds of things.

But any sort of documentation that you can keep to show that the sale was due to a due to the drought or other weather related conditions is going to be real important for you.

The other option is a, starts as a two-year deferral.

This is only good for draft dairy and breeding animals.

So not the feeding livestock.

I mean, not the calves.

And this gives us up to 2 years to replace that livestock.

The one year deferral just moves the money and you tax it later.

This one you have to replace it.

If you don't replace the animals, then you have to come back to the air of sale and amend your tax return.

So again, kind of still have to have that weather related conditions doesn't have to be eligible for federal assistance to get that 2 year deferral.

So that's kind of nice, gives us a little bit more flexibility in that one.

But 2 year becomes a 4 year if there is federal assistance granted.

So if we would get some of that sort of designation in your area, we can make that a 4 year deferral, and then it can actually get extended one year at a time if those drought conditions continue.

So, I know we have a lot of counties in Nebraska where we are past that 4 year period, um, and we could continue to defer, and that's maybe good, maybe bad, but, um, it is an option to continue that as long as the drought continues.

The general rule with, with that replacement is that it has to be replaced with light kind, though, so beef cows for beef cows, dairy cows for dairy cows.

And if we get to that 4 year period, then they lift that restriction.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program is a portion of an interview taken from a recent beef watch podcast offered by Nebraska extension. To hear the entire interview, go to beef.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts or Spotify. Or Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

As spring temperatures rise across Nebraska, now’s the time to plan your first alfalfa cutting. Getting that first cut right is more important than many realize—it sets the pace for the entire season.

Waiting too long to harvest can lead to lower forage quality and delayed regrowth. That pushes your second cutting later into the summer, when heat and drought stress can limit yield. It can also throw off your third or even fourth cuttings, shortening the season and reducing total tons per acre.

On the flip side, cutting too early—before late bud stage—can hurt stand vigor and root reserves, especially in younger fields.

A good rule of thumb? Aim for 750 growing degree days from green-up and target the late bud to early bloom stage. Depending on the quality you are shooting for, this typically falls between late-May and early-June. Check field conditions closely, including weevil activity and stand health, and plan around weather windows to avoid rain damage.

Poor timing in May can cost you in July and August. Start planning now. Sharpen blades, check and service equipment, and communicate with custom harvesters early. A timely first cut sets the tone for the rest of your hay season.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman. 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac. Nebraska has had a share of natural disasters like tornadoes, hail damage, floods, and more recently drought conditions and wildfires. Nebraska farm business director Tina Barrett talks about some critical tax strategies that might make a significant financial difference in dealing with these issues on the farm.

[Tina Barrett, Nebraska Farm Business Director]

You know, anytime we have a, a, really a casualty loss is what, what the term is, it often impacts a lot of different assets.

So whether it's a wildfire or a tornado or anything like that, when it's multiple assets that are being damaged or destroyed like we're seeing, we have to look from a tax standpoint at each of those assets individually.

And so it's going to be really important that you keep track of what has been damaged.

So take pictures, if you compare that with pictures from before, that's great documentation, but definitely take pictures of anything that was destroyed, or document the fact that it's not there anymore.

Make sure that you're tracking the insurance records and stuff, what's coming in for insurance by asset, and that gets to be really complicated, especially if they're giving you a specific percentage up front.

And then the remainder when you repair or replace it.

Sometimes each asset could have multiple payments.

Sometimes those payments get spread over 2 years.

So all the kinds of things just get to be extra complicated.

The other part that complicates this is some of the assets are business assets, and some of the assets are personal assets, and that has a different tax treatment, and how we handle those.

And so making sure that we're keeping track of how much insurance is for personal things, you know, the house and the vehicles and those kinds of things versus your business assets is also going to be really important.

So, yeah, it just becomes a real record keeping kind of nightmare and really tracking through all that.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Tina says keeping in close contact with your tax advisor, with specific information on your issues is key to making good tax decisions.

[Tina Barrett, Nebraska Farm Business Director]

You know, the earlier, at least for me, the earlier I could get the data with the insurance, the items that were damaged, all of those things, if I can do those kind of calculations when it's not tax season, it's a lot easier to make sure that those things get done, right?

And then you've got decisions to make.

Are you going to replace?

Are you going to repair?

Are you gonna switch to, you know, a different enterprise altogether?

All of those kinds of things have different tax effects.

So I'm a big proponent of not doing things for tax reasons, but making sure that you don't do things without understanding the tax consequences either.

Yeah.

So anything that's that's destroyed from an event that's out of your control.

So that's when we get to the casualty losses.

And so what really, again, it's a little bit complicated in the, in the, um, calculations of that.

But essentially what we do is say that any gain from the insurance can be kind of deferred into the year when it was replaced, so those offset, and we don't have to like have a sale in one year in a purchase in another year.

But it's calculations based off of how much basis was remaining, how much insurance, money you got, and how much you spent to repair or replace.

And so all of those kinds of things will go into that.

From the personal side, we need to know what you paid for those items, how much insurance reimbursed you for it, and then there's some limited deductions we can take if you have losses beyond that.

And so, again, the calculations are different and kind of all those things get fairly complicated, but making sure that you know what you paid for the asset.

If you've taken depreciation on it and how much insurance was provided for that asset, it's going to be the important pieces for your tax preparer to make those calculations.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Stay tuned for future programs where Tina discusses your tax options, when disaster strikes on the farm, for Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac.

For over 45 years, the Nebraska lead program has been developing leaders in the ag industry in helping them stay ahead of the changing landscape of policy, marketing, economics, and technology. Nebraska lead director, Kurtis Harms says a new class is forming for the upcoming year and encourages anyone in the ag industry to enroll for a great experience.

[Kurtis Harms, Nebraska LEAD Program Director]

The Nebraska lead program is a two-year leadership development program for farmers, ranchers, and agribusiness professionals.

It is 18 months of in-state seminars exploring different agricultural systems, exploring state government, exploring agricultural policy, also followed up by a national seminar and an international seminar, truly designed to shape and develop those leaders in agriculture into the future.

We are currently actively looking for Nebraska lead Class 45.

We have 2 cohorts that are going on at the same time, and lead class 45 will start in the fall of 2026.

Our application deadline is June 15th.

So this really is that time that people that may have heard of the program, or maybe this is the 1st time that they're hearing about the program, should request information and to investigate whether or not they feel like this would be a good program for them.

We are looking, like I mentioned, for those individuals in agriculture, that are passionate about making a difference, passionate about serving in some sort of leadership capacity, whether that's at the local level.

You know, you're looking at school boards, church boards, community boards, those kinds of things, and in agriculture, commodity boards, you know, the cornboard, corn association, soybean board, all of the commodities have their their own groups.

But even in state governments, we have a US senator, that's a lead lead fellow.

And so we're really proud of our network and our alum that are serving in all aspects of leadership and we're looking for those people to continue on that legacy.

We are actively working with our fellows that are involved in the Nebraska lead program by exposing them to leaders in a variety of settings.

We are looking at those local issues.

We're exploring local agricultural policy.

We're exploring local community issues.

We're exploring our statewide issues.

And then at the end of year one, our fellows will take part in a 10 day national seminar where they will travel to Kansas City, Washington, DC and Chicago, where they'll start to look at more of the broader scope, looking at those regional agricultural systems, looking at our federal policy, looking at our national associations that are advocating on our behalf.

Then year two, they'll take part in additional seminars across the state of Nebraska and conclude that with a two-week international experience as well.

And these experience is typically involve 2 or 3 different countries where our fellows will explore what's going on across the globe.

We'll engage with different cultures, learning about our different customers or our different competitors that exist around the world, will understand leadership at a global perspective, understand issues like international trade, international agricultural policy, international ag systems, and conducting interviews with different farmers and ranchers across the world.

And this really opens our eyes of our fellows and gets them outside of their comfort zone, gets them outside of their own individual bubble that they may be used to.

You know, I can speak from experience.

You know, when I I came from a small town and before I started traveling a lot, I really was maybe a little bit narrow-minded.

You know, I had a good leadership foundation, but then once you start being exposed to other issues that you may not have thought of, putting yourself in other individual shoes, looking at things from the lens of someone else, you really are able to be a better leader, that's not to necessarily say that, you know, your, your, your, opinions or your, your values are going to change much, but you're able to work with people that maybe think differently than you a lot easier and you're able to compromise and you're able to find that common ground to help push the, the, the, needle and push the industry forward.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

For more information on the Nebraska lead program and to enroll in the upcoming class, go to lead.unl.edu. That's lead.unl.edu. For Nebraska Extension Almanac. I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Spring is busy getting crops in the ground, but if much needed moisture keeps you from the field, take some time to maintain your haying equipment and prevent costly downtime later.

First, inspect, lubricate, and service all power-driven areas such as belts, bearings, chains, and gears.  Set tension on belts and chains.  For sicklebar headers, check, sharpen, or replace cutterbar sections and adjust wear plates, hold-down clips, and guards.  Make sure your cutterbar has proper knife register. On disc mowers, replace knives and rotate or replace worn turtles over the knives.

Conditioning rollers often are overlooked.  Look for uneven wear and adjust the roll gap, roll timing, and roll pressure for your crop.

On round balers, inspect belts, chains, and slats or rollers frequently for wear.  Trim frayed edges and repair belts as needed to maintain uniform tension.  When not in use, keep belts clean and release belt tension.

Check plunger knife clearance and plunger alignment on square balers and inspect the tying mechanism and adjust as needed.  Pick-up teeth on balers and on rakes frequently are broken or bent.  Replace defective teeth and adjust height if necessary.

Also, be sure you have replacement parts on hand for frequently broken or replaced items.  And most important of all, review your owner's manual to identify recommended maintenance procedures and proper settings.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac. Farmers and ranchers have always had a reputation for toughness and resiliency.Being able to survive environmental problems, volatile markets and sticking through all kinds of tough circumstances, has been the hallmarks of the ag industry. So asking for help carries a bit of stigma that is difficult to talk about. Extension educator Glennis McClure wants to change that and help farmers understand that everyone has stress, and there are healthy ways to deal with it.

[Glennis McClure, Nebraska Extension Educator]

Well, I think there has been a stigma in that, you know, I'm tough.

I'm going to get through it.

You know, I'm going to do it on my own kind of thing.

And I think that we've started to break down some of those barriers, though.

And because I just think back to a few years ago with the pandemic and how and how we saw a lot of different stresses during that time, and I think that we started to hear a lot more about resources and help available for folks that, um, you know, that are really experiencing stress.

But, so, and I, and I, you know, I think some of the messaging that Nebraska Extension has put out is that, you know, Nebraska really needs you, and it is really important to reach out.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Glennis says the university and extension offer resources to help farm families cope with stressful situations.

[Glennis McClure, Nebraska Extension Educator]

Recently, our Nebraska extension has, um, um, you know, I guess, brought up a disaster, uh, website disaster education website, and there's mental health and well-being information on that website now.

Um, and, you know, you mentioned the Nebraska rural response hotline.

That is really a great resource here in Nebraska.

In that, I like to always say that they do have vouchers for folks to seek some mental health counseling if needed.

So, because I know if, like, finances are really kind of tough and and we don't feel like we can afford to, you know, seek that help, they actually will provide some vouchers for folks to be able to visit with a mental health counselor.

And we shouldn't be afraid to do that.

Again.

Um, you know, it's really important to take care of ourselves and that's one of the things.

But also they also have provided some financial assistance.

And so that's a great resource, Nebraska rural response hotline.

Um, so you can call them and, you know, sort of get on their schedule if, if that's something that, um, sounds appealing.

You know, we do mention some of our other partners that university extension works with, and there's other universities that have put out, a lot of great information, but AgraSafe, has put out some information.

Um, there is some, um, some suicide, um, prevention trainings, and being able to recognize when someone's up against, you know, maybe maybe they've mentioned or thought about the suicide thing, and you mentioned that 988 number is really, really important, that if we ever know of anybody, or even ourselves, if we're thinking about that, you know, just talking with someone that's, you know, well prepared, that understands all of that, can help you through that, that 988 number is important.

But I want to mention that AgraSafe has provided, there's a program called QPR.

And so I mentioned that here in the article, and they've done some online trainings for folks.

And then there are other trainings that are available in the communities.

We have an extension educator that's trained a train facilitator in that.

So you can just kind of watch for when some of those programs are available and folks can learn more about how they can, you know, sort of help themselves, but also help others in their area and recognize some of those signs and symptoms of potential suicide.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Today's program was a portion of an interview taken from a recent farmcast podcast offered by UNL Center for Ag Profitability. To read the detailed article or download the entire interview, go to cap.unl.edu, Apple Podcasts, or Spotify. For Nebraska Extension Almanac. I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac. Farming and ranching can be a quite stressful enterprise.

That is especially true during drought and wildfire damage that our state has recently experienced. Extension educator Glennis McClure talks about recognizing stress on today's almanac.

[Glennis McClure, Nebraska Extension Almanac]

Every so often, um, we see things, you know, out and about in the rural area of Nebraska of, you know, some things that are going on that can lend lend itself to stress.

And especially this year, we think about the wildfires and all that folks are dealing with with that.

In some cases, I can't imagine.

And also, we, you know, we're seeing this drought just kind of continue.

So much of Nebraska is under a drought.

And also, we knew going into 2026 that our input cost on crop production.

We a little higher.

We're going to be higher.

Commodity prices are low. At, you know, and they fluctuate, yes, of course, and it's a market we need to watch.

But we have now, fertilizer costs have jumped up.

We're seeing some of the pesticide costs coming up and fuel.

So there's just been a lot of things happening and some uncertainty.

You know, we have folks that are, you know, maybe financial, starting to see some finances and struggling with a bit of that too.

So, so anyway, we just want to be, um, try to be helpful with information on resources that can, uh, uh, we can provide to folks, um, put as much of a positive twist and some, um, suggestions out for people to pay attention to.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Stress has a number of causes, some sudden like weather events like hail or flooding. Another source can slowly build up over time. When it says it's important to recognize what's happening, so you can find ways to deal with it.

[Glennis McClure, Nebraska Extension Educator]

I think in ourselves, There's sometimes different indicators, and we all deal with stress in a different way, really.

Sometimes we're affected more physically, you know, we might have, like, let's say our blood pressure goes up.

We might get sweaty palms, we might be more fatigued.

We might have nausea happening, shortness of breath.

So these are things that are physical, but then we also have our thoughts and our feelings.

Sometimes we just become angry.

Maybe we're feeling more depressed than, you know, than ever.

We just don't feel like doing what we've always done, kind of, and, you know, we don't have the energy, perhaps, to get out and to do the work that we need to do.

Maybe we're really nervous.

We might be overeating.

We might be undreating.

We might be, you know, interested in drinking more.

Maybe our sleep is affected.

So there's a lot of different things that can happen to us and that, so as we recognize that in ourselves.

But also, I think, you know, in a family, we can also kind of pay attention to those around us.

And, you know, do we see someone that's really struggling to sleep.

Do we see someone that seems to be very depressed?

Um, you know, just paying attention, watching for those signals, I think is really important.

And that's one of some of the things that we teach when we are talking about mending the stress fence or communicating with farmers under stress.

And part of it is too, trying to pay attention and really being a good listener, you might pick up different things.

And from folks.

And you can ask them, you know, how we are in passing a lot of times, how are you today?

And you might say, oh, I'm just fine.

I'm just fine, you know?

And so we just kind of shrug it off, you know, and I'm like here to say, you know, if you're struggling with anything.

Don't hesitate to talk with someone about that.

And also on the flip side, hopefully we can be a good listener and we can pick up on some of those cues that people might be providing about sort of what's going on in their life.

And it's good to ask some questions, not those yes, no questions, but more of those.

Really, how are you doing?

Can you tell me what's going on, you know, in your life right now?

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Stay tuned to future programs where Glennis talks about healthy ways to deal with stressful situations on the farm. Today's program was a portion of an interview taken from a recent farmcast podcast offered by UNL Center for Ag Profitability. To read the detailed article, or download the entire interview, go to cap.unl.edu, Apple Podcasts, or Spotify. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

It is close to the ideal time to plant a summer annual grass, maybe to replenish your hay supply or have some extra grazing.  Which one will you plant? 

Choosing a summer forage can be confusing because there are about seven different types of major summer annual forage grasses.  These include: sudangrass, sorghum-sudan hybrids, forage sorghum (which we often call cane or sorgo), foxtail millet, pearl millet, Japanese millet, and teff.  Each one has its own strengths and weaknesses.  So, base your choice primarily on how you plan to use it.

For example, do you want pasture?  Then use sudangrass or pearl millet.  Both are leafy, they regrow rapidly, and they contain less danger from prussic acid poisoning than other annual grasses.

What if you want hay or green chop?  Then select sorghum-sudan hybrids or pearl millet because they yield well and they have good feed value when cut two or three times.  On sandy soils, or when conditions are dry, foxtail millet may be a better choice for summer hay.  It dries fast, doesn't regrow after cutting, and handles dry soils well. Cane hay is grown in many areas and produces high tonnage, but it’s lower in feed value and dries more slowly after cutting than the hybrids or millets.  Japanese millet can either be cut for hay or grazed and is a plant that can tolerate heavy, wet soils.  Choose teff if you are looking for a really soft, leafy, high quality horse hay.

Maybe you plan to chop silage.  Then choose the forage sorghums, especially hybrids with high grain production. They can't be beat for tonnage or for feed value.

While there are several choices of summer annual forages, simply select the one that is best adapted to the way you plan to use it.  And, of course, hope for rain since even these grasses won’t grow without some moisture.  For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Range and Forage Specialist, Jerry Volesky.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac. It might be common knowledge that methane production and livestock is a major contributor to greenhouse gases.Scientists have studied the question of reducing methane production in our cattle for some time, but that isn't an easy question to answer. UNL Rumen microbiologist Samoda Fernando talks about what happens in the gut of a cow that causes methane and why that is an important energy process in their diet.

[Samodha Fernando, UNL Rumen Microbiologist]

So, ruminants are unique because if you think about a monocastric animal like a pig or even humans, actually the microbes are in the hind gut.

So the host enzymes actually break down the substrates and whatever leftover undigested is what microbes use.

But if you think about ruminant animal, you are actually feeding the microbes.

So the rumen, which is one of the unique features that ruminants have, actually have 1000000000s of microbes, and these microbes are not just bacteria, you have bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozua, and even viruses in their microbi.

We call them the room and microbiome because it's a mix of different microbes in there.

Bacteria obviously dominate this microbiome, but then fungi actually gain access to feed particles.

They borrow in so that bacteria can go in and break down these complex carbohydrates.

Then protozoa actually can also metabolize certain um, substrate, complex substrate, but they actually feed on microbes and actually help control some of these microbial populations.

The viruses do the same thing.

They actually can feed operated on these bacterial population, so they help control.

So together, this microbiome, which is made off of these complex pro-karyote, and you karyote microbes, so 2 different kingdoms of different microbes actually work together as a whole group to maintain efficiency and function within the room.

The other group that I didn't talk so far is the AKEA.

AKEA are the ones that actually produce methane and majority of the AKEA inside the room and R metanogens.

So those are the ones that actually produce methane inside the room, but they have other metabolic functions.

They can break down carbohydrates and other substrates as well, or at least intermediates of these complex carbohydrates.

And as a byproduct, they produce methane.

And part of our discussion today is going to focus on these methanogens, a subpopulation, only about 3%, 3 to 10% of the total microbiome, but they play a big role in terms of methane production.

These methanogens have actually co-evolved with the host.

So as long as we've seen cattle, they've actually always had these methadogens because they play an important role in increasing the efficiency of the Roman as well.

So, for example, if you think about the Roman, Roman is free of oxygen. It's anaerobic.

So the Roman being anaerobic, when a complex carbohydrate is broken down inside the Roman, it produces these energy dense intermediate products called volatile fatty acids.

So when you don't have oxygen, these intermediates are the ones that are absorbed by the host animal and the host animal gets energy.

So the room and microbiome can actually provide up to about 70% of the energy of the host animal just by microbial fermentation.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Today's program was a portion of an interview taken from a recent beef watch podcast offered by Nebraska extension. To read the in-depth series on methane production, or to download the entire interview, go to beef.unl.edu, Apple Podcasts, or Spotify, for Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills, Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, Go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac. Dry weather this fall and winter may have some consequences in your home landscape this spring. Your trees, young and old, will need some extra attention, and that means getting some good water on them to help them thrive this spring. Nebraska extension instructor Dana Freeman talks about proper methods to get your trees, the water they need, on today's almanac.

[Dana Freeman, Nebraska Extension Instructor]

So we've had a dry fall and winter, and even though we might be getting some water this spring, our trees are still showing signs of drought stress.

That can look like trees that are slow to leaf out.

Trees with leaves that are smaller than usual, or even show some tip die back.

So there are still some things that you can do to help your trees bite this drought stress.

That will include supplemental watering and mulching.

But before we get the hose out, it's important to think about and determine how much water our trees really need.

Because overwatering is just as problematic as underwatering.

So to check the soil moisture, we'll use a long screwdriver or a soil probe, and what we want to do is stick that soil probe into the ground, 6 to 9 inches, because that's where most of the absorbing roots are.

If we pull that out, kind of like sticking a toothpick and a cake batter, and the soil is moist, then it's probably okay and we don't need to water.

But if we stick that soil probe in there, and we either can get the soil probe down 69 inches, or it's dry and dusty, then we probably need to add some supplemental watering.

So, will water new and young trees a little bit differently than our mature trees?

When we're watering our young trees, what we want to do is think about establishing deeper roots.

And that will look like potentially using a 5 gallon bucket with a quarter inch hole in the bottom.

You can estimate how much water a tree needs by using 10 gallons of water for each inch of trunk diameter.

That means a two inch diameter tree would need about 20 gallons of water.

So if you're using your five gallon bucket, That's four or five gallon buckets.

As we think about watering our mature trees, even though they have larger roots, they still need help when it's this dry outside.

So what we want to do is, instead of using the five gallon bucket, we'll use a soaker hose.

And we can spiral that in a pattern, kind of nearer the tree's canopy.

Then what you do is turn on your water, and kind of let it run for an hour, and then come back and recheck using your soil probe.

You may need to keep going in water just until you get until that top 6 to 9 inches of soil is moist.

Another thing, you can't just rely on water alone.

Mulching is something that we can do that's pretty easy, and that can really help our landscapes.

So adding two to four inches of an organic woodchip mulch is a great way to support your trees during periods of drought.

A common mistake that we often see is that folks rely on their lawn irrigation systems to provide water and think that's enough for their trees.

But watering deeply for turf is only 4 to 6 inches, wherein that's not enough for our tree roots, as we've talked about.

Prioritizing watering your woody trees is a great way to keep your landscape healthy and sustainable, even during these periods of drought and challenging growing conditions.

For more information, check out your local extension office, and they'd be happy to help you out.

Remember, your trees have vastly different water needs than your turf.

Just because your grass is green doesn't mean your trees have had enough water.

So take a look at your trees this weekend and followed these tips to make sure they're getting the water they need.

[Brad Mills, Host]

For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu. 

[Brad Mills, Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac. Our past years and ranges are becoming increasingly threatened with the spread of eastern red cedar trees.Nebraska extension educator Bethany Johnston says, this encroachment goes beyond just a change in scenery.

[Bethany Johnson, Nebraska Extension Educator]

Cedar trees are out competing grasses, reduce forage options for grazing, and can increase the risk of wildfires.

The most important predictor of where cedar trees are going to start encroaching.

It's not necessarily your soil type or the fact that you did a good job with your grazing management or your range management, but it's how close your unmarred prairie is to a Eastern red cedar seed source.

We planted these wind breaks and the cedar trees.

There's male and female trees.

But once they're mature, kind of those big ones you like to have in your shelter belts, those female trees can put out one. 150000000 berries every year.

So if you start running the numbers.

So if you just assume every other tree is a female, you can measure, like I've done it on Google Maps.

I'll measure my shelter belts, I'll count how many rows, and then figure out how far apart they've been planted, and I can get a tree count, and then if I divide that number by 2, that gives me how many females, and then I can take that times 1000000 or one. 1500000 and figure out how many seeds are coming out of that shelter belt every year.

And we have just kind of a 3 row cedar belt that goes around our calving pasture and it's not a very big area.

It's maybe, I think, 2030 acres.

But there was one hillside out in the pasture.

I always have to cut and I would get 20 or 30 little cedar trees off there and I can remember thinking, gosh, I can't believe I'm cutting all these trees.

And then I figured how many berries were coming out of that shelter belt and it's like half a 1000000000 berries every year or seeds every year.

And so when I cut that hill now, I'm thinking, well, at least I'm not cutting like half a 1000000000, right?

But the thing is, is we just, once they've kind of hopped the fence, right?

So we fence out our shelter belts.

Once you see a cedar tree, that you haven't planted outside in your grassland, that's when you need to start doing management on it.

And the nice thing about cedar seeds or cedar berries, the professionals call them cones because they're actually a conifer, but they're not going to, you know, float through the wind, anything like that.

So birds are actually the ones that spread them.

So most of your encroachment is going to happen within that 200 yards of that seed source because the birds are going to eat the seeds and then they're going to fly away and poop out the seeds.

And so usually you can kind of draw a 200 yard circle around and then that's where maybe you start hand pruning them.

Other people, they have such big shelter belts and they just can't physically keep up by using pruners or mechanical means.

And so they're actually just doing like little tiny prescribed burns next to their shelter belts because then it cleans out those little cedars and it's just a little bit easier to to manage.

And probably, you know, 20 years ago.

We used to tell people, well, if you cut a cedar tree once, you don't have to go back and do maintenance.

And that's partially true because if you cut a cedar tree below their bottom branch, they're not going to resprout.

So if you think of things like sumac or wild plump, like we can cut those, and it almost makes them more aggressive and they send out rhizomes and they come back, right?

But cedar trees, you can cut them off at the base and they're not going to resprout.

But the problem is that seed source.

So unless you're willing to take out that entire seed source.

And if you do that, then you're going to have to put up some kind of, you know, metal wind break or something to break the wind for you.

But unless you remove the seeds, it's going to be maintenance, right?

We're going to do cedar control every year, whether that's cutting or using chemicals or using fire or maybe a combination of all of those.

[Brad Mills, Host]

Today's program was a portion of an interview taken from a recent beef watch podcast offered by Nebraska extension. To hear the entire interview, go to beef.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts. For Nebraska extension almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Grazing winter annuals such rye, winter wheat, or triticale commonly begins in April.  All three of these forages can be very high in quality and reduce the need for feeding expensive hay while allowing additional time for spring growth of our perennial summer pastures. 

Timing grazing should depend plant growth, not a specific date.  Begin grazing when the plants are about 5 to 6 inches tall and manage to keep the maximum height at 8 to 10 inches.  A good starting point is about 0.5 cow or 1 stocker calf per acre in early spring and increasing from there.  Rotational grazing with higher stocking densities can assist with keeping the plant maturity more uniform and reduce selective grazing. Look ahead 1 or 2 pastures and move based on how the plants are recovering in those pastures. These forages grow and recover from grazing fast. 

The most common mistake when grazing spring small cereals is letting the grass get ahead of the cattle.  It is important to increase stocking density as the spring progresses to ensure grazing can keep up with the rapid forage growth. This can be achieved by either adding more cattle or reducing the number of acres being grazed. 

Like most cool-season grasses in early spring, small cereal forages are also high in potassium. This means there is a need to provide supplemental magnesium as potassium interferes with magnesium availability to the animal. A free choice mineral with a targeted 4 oz per day intake should contain at least 10% magnesium to prevent grass tetany in lactating cows and 5% magnesium to increase gains in stocker calves.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman. 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac. Recent studies at Montana State has revealed some interesting data on the impact of salt in cattle diets. Montana State Extension beef specialist, Sam Weiffels, talks about how increasing salt intake affects digestion and room and fermentation on today's almanac.

[Sam Weiffels, Montana State Beef Specialist]

We started this study.

We just happened to use a pelleted 25% salt limited, you know, to limit intake of that protein supplement, and we recorded all those animals intake in real time, and what really stemmed a lot of our salt work is one animal in that, in that study, came up to that supplement feeder one day and ate £20 of supplement.

At one at one time.

And we kind of thought about that, and we did the math, that math there, and that came out to £5 of salt that that animal consumed in that one day.

And that, it all just stemmed from that one animal in that one instance, you're like, holy cow, if that happens, what are the implications of, of salt, because we know what happens when we eat too much salt, right?

You gotta go drink a bunch of water.

And so we, that's really what stemmed it all.

And so we, we've actually had several studies looking at different factors with salt supplements, our salt limited supplements to test all that, but it really all stemmed from that one, the very 1st time we stuck that trailer out there and measured intake in that one animal, it stemmed a lot of questions.

Like, how can that animal eat that much salt?

And so the 1st study that we did, um, we actually took a, uh, that same salt limited pellet and we had it in 2 forms.

We had it one as a pellet, and then we had, um, the company manufactured the same supplement for us in a loose meal type, both had 25% salt.

And so we were wondering, you know, was it the pelletine?

That allowed that animal to not receive that negative impact right away or what was going on there.

And, uh, it turns out that that's what we think happened is, uh, we found that, um, when it was on a loose meal and the animals had to lick it up and the contact of that salt to those animals taste bud and sensory receptors on the tongue, um, has an impact of how much supplement.

They're willing to consume, especially when we're looking at like a salt limited supplement.

And so, That was interesting.

At the end of the day, even though with the masking of the salt a little bit with that, um, pelleted supplement, they still consumed rate at target intake, so I don't know that it has a, you know, for us, it wasn't enough for us to go, hey, we're not going to use this pellet anymore per se because they're consuming exactly the amount we want them to consume, but it is interesting from a research standpoint to know that the same supplement, whether it's pelleted or form, can have an impact on how much that animal is going to eat.

The other study that we jumped into, and that's one that you've been referring to is, so if an animal does consume a bunch of salt like that, what happens?

We know just, you know, in our own human nutrition, things like that, that when we consume a bunch of salt, it obviously, you know, has an impact on us.

We want to drink more water, you know, retain moisture or some, you know, people will swell up a little bit, things like that.

Um, and then when you think about the role that salt can have on being anti-microbial for food preservation and storage like that, like, what's that doing in that room and of the cow?

And so we developed a digestibility study as well to go along with the, um, the grazing study I just talked about.

And we looked at digestive kinetics, uh, intake digestibility.

We even measured water intake of those animals and just looked at how salt impacts overall digestibility and how those animals perform at different varying levels of salt in terms of, um, digestive kinetics.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Today's program was a portion taken from a recent beef watch podcast offered by Nebraska extension. To hear the entire interview, go to beef.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac. On today's almanac, extension educator Glenis McClure discusses how net farm income affects the total net growth of a farm operation. There are a myriad of considerations when it comes to income versus growth and net worth of any farm business, and Glennis focuses on the important accounting details that farmers need to be aware of.

[Glennis McClure, Nebraska Extension Educator]

I think it's really important farmer ranch business should know what their actual or true net income is, or in other words, their profitability.

And this takes figuring beyond what the Schedule F tax form shows us.

So, net farm income generated from the business should be adequate to cover family living, cover annual taxes that are due, and the remainder is what's available to reinvest back into your operation.

Most farm and ranch businesses are cash bases, accounting folks, rather than a cruel basis.

And that's generally for text purposes.

So we need to take the time and make a cruel adjustments to get to our actual, or what I call true profit amount.

And so there is a relationship between the true farm income or profitability that is on the bottom line, figure off of a profit and loss or income statement, to the change in net worth from beginning of the year to the next.

And it relates back to what is being invested into the operation from net farm income.

So again, if we take net farm income and, you know, we have to pay income taxes, if we have a positive, we generally want to have some kind of living from our, um, from our business, you know, there is off farm income that can help, though, of course, in many cases.

But then the residual is what you have to reinvest.

Or in other words, like pay down debt and that type of thing.

So that, so we, you know, most businesses want to grow their net worth over time.

And this is definitely an important figure to look at.

Really, what is their true profitability?

So, well, an accrual adjustment.

With that, we're trying to get a clear picture, again, of the value of production for the accounting year and the actual expenses that relate to that production.

So it could be, you know, cattle production, crop production, any of that.

So, because there's so much that we have to put into those crops, so much that we have to put into those livestock.

And so we're growing and we're producing through that year.

So at the end of the year, we may not have sold all that year's production.

So oftentimes we do have inventory.

So at the end of the year, I still may have those calves that were, you know, born and raised, and I still haven't sold them as of, let's say, January one.

Same way with my crops.

Oftentimes I carry those over watching the market, you know, getting ready to sell when that market opportunity is there.

So in our records for the year, we may not have sold or we end up carrying over those that crop or that livestock from the prior year as well.

So I can look at the end of the year and say, yeah, I still have some of this year's production left.

Even a year ago, I had something from the prior year.

So what we're trying to do with these, um, accrual adjustments is to really get a real picture of what happened for a particular year.

So, and again, prepaid expenses come into play.

Um, so, um, you know, like our seed or our feed and those kinds of things.

So those are the kinds of adjustments that income statement worksheet, you know, really is for.

So truer actual net farm income or profitability, again, not the bottom line figure from the schedule F must be positive enough to cover our personal withdrawals or family living expenses unless there's off farm income, enough to pay income taxes owed based on the farm's income generation for the year, and then to reinvest or pay down debt.

So if we see positive net worth change or growth from the beginning cost basis balance sheet to the end of the year balance sheet, then we know we've adequately covered those three factors, and the operation was profitable.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Today's program was a portion taken from a recent farmcast podcast offered by UNL Center for Ag Profitability. To hear the entire interview, go to CAP.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcast. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

There are many producers looking at looking at ways to grow more forage for hay or pasture.  Double cropping annual forages on irrigated cropland can be an option.  With timely and adequate moisture, this can also be successful dryland as well.

Successful double cropping of annual forages requires good planning and timely operations.  A common combination includes a cool-season winter annual like rye, triticale, or wheat that is currently being grazed or will be hayed in May or June followed by the planting of a warm-season annual forage.  Similarly, something like oats that was planted this spring is followed by a warm-season annual.

If grazing is planned as the primary use of the warm-season annual, then sudangrass or pearl millets are good choices.  With adequate moisture, the summer annual grass will be ready to graze in forty-five to fifty days and may last through September.

Another strategy is to plant the warm-season annual grasses first in mid- to late May.  Graze portions of them out in August, then plant oats or turnips or both for late fall and winter grazing.  When planting oats or any other cool-season for fall forage, remember that production will be reduced if planting is delayed into later August or early September.

Of course, adequate moisture or irrigation is needed for these options to produce both double crops.  Thus, it is wise to have a nearby pasture where animals can be placed and fed temporarily if extra time is needed to grow sufficient forage for grazing.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Range and Forage Specialist, Jerry Volesky.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

As spring green-up begins, producers may feel the urge to turn animals out to pasture. But the right time to start grazing often comes later than we might think. Before turnout, we need to answer two key questions: when should we start grazing, and which pastures should be grazed first?

The amount of grass growth by a given date varies from year to year depending on spring temperatures and precipitation. That is why basing turnout on a calendar date rarely works well. Initial spring growth comes from energy reserves stored in the roots and crowns of the grass plant. Grazing too soon can deplete those reserves and reduce production because not enough leaf area is present to fully support photosynthesis and regrowth. To give plants time to recover, wait until cool-season grasses reach at least the 3- to 4-leaf stage before grazing begins, whether in mixed pastures or straight cool-season stands.

This year, with a warmer-than-average spring and dry conditions since last fall, delaying turnout, if possible, is recommended. This will allow grass plants to maximize growth given current soil moisture conditions and result in greater season-long production.

Which pastures are grazed first matters too. Changing the grazing sequence from year to year helps improve plant vigor by avoiding repeated stress at the same time each year. This is especially critical for native range or mixed pastures. Introduced grasses like crested wheatgrass and smooth brome can handle early-season grazing pressure better, so grazing them first is often a good strategy. This allows more time before turnout on native pastures.

This spring, patience at turnout may be one of the best ways to protect pasture health and make the most of the grass you have.

With today’s Pasture & Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

Nebraska Extension Almanac. Obviously, water's a critical component of agriculture, and UNL irrigation engineer Derek Heeren, talks about the importance of conservation, and some pitfalls with irrigation on today's almanac.

[Derek Heeren, UNL Irrigation Engineer]

Yeah, water conservation is really critical both at the level of an individual farm as well as at a state level.

And obviously, our water resources are limited, and so we want to use them in the best way as possible to get the most production, some specific things.

You mentioned the drought, and that's a big part of it, and some natural resources, it's really important to not only reduce the use of water for irrigation, but also reduce the consumptive use, and that's the crop water use in particular.

In a lot of places, the level of nitrates is also a concern.

So if we're overusing water for irrigation, we're much more likely to have excess water moving from the root zone, down to the aquifer, and that often takes nitrates with it.

So those are two of the big reasons.

It does seem like droughts are getting more frequent than they used to, as well as large rainfall events, and so more and more, the timing of the rain doesn't match what we would like it to be, and good water management helps us adapt to that as best we can.

So a couple of common mistakes for watering.

One would be, it's really easy to put on extra water.

It's kind of like a cheap insurance policy, and it takes some effort to really be thoughtful and apply the amount that's crop water needs. A lot easier to put on a little extra.

However, in that case, we're using more water than necessary and more energy than necessary, as well, to continue putting water on.

So a little bit of effort, censored data is really helpful, or crop water use data, but being confident to make the decision that we need this water.

I'm going to water it to avoid stress, but I'm not going to put on extra water.

Soil water sensors are really helpful for irrigation scheduling.

And I think over time, they're becoming more useful. More reliable.

Some of the changes are that now there are services where industry will install the sensor for you, provide data on the cloud.

And so it's a lot easier than it used to be.

And, yeah, less likely to have problems with a poor installation, a lot easier to access the data remotely and make decisions remotely and control your irrigation remotely.

Of course there's some cost with that.

But producer's time is really valuable.

So those types of products have become really popular, in terms of potential savings.

You know, it'd be pretty realistic to expect you might reduce your irrigation by, you know, one revolution of the pivot to three revolutions of the pivot, by having that soil water sensor data to give you more confidence on when to irrigate.

From there, it's a question of the energy costs associated with when you do a revolution.

In terms of suggestions for this summer, like the past couple winters were really dry, going into the growing season, and so that's something to keep an eye on.

If you have a center pivot irrigation system, you might have the opportunity to use that to help with emergence, right after planting.

Most years, that's not necessary, but this might be one of the years when it is.

If you have other types of irrigation systems that might not be practical, but it could be an option to think about.

But my suggestion would be to think about one particular step you can make, to improve water management this year.

So, if you haven't tried the soil water sensors, perhaps invest in one of those, and just find out what they're capable of, and see how it works for your operation.

Another possible thing to look at would be to check into some of these industry products, that are becoming easier to use and help with recommending when to irrigate, or another possible thing to look at for improving water management.

I would recommend the Nebraska Extension website has a lot of resources on irrigation.

So they have different resources on soil water sensors, also what's called an ET gauge, which is a gauge you can install in your field that measures the amount of water that's used in the gauge, but it's designed so that it's the same as the water used by the crop, but there are several different tools like that that you could check into and consider implementing this season.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]

For Nebraska extension almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

BenHayQuality226 Transcript:

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. On our previous program, extension educator Ben Beckman talked about how storage conditions play a huge part on the quality and shelf life of hay. He says exposure to weather, heat, and water can quickly spoil Hay's nutritional quality. On today's program, he begins by talking about how certain factors affect the aging and protein content of stored hay.

[Ben Beckman, Nebraska Extension Educator]
So if you weigh a bail at the same moisture, you know, that's always the critical point here and difficult to do, but if you weigh a bail, the same moisture content that you had initially when you harvested it.

And then if you left it outside for a season or a year and had it at the exact same moisture content and waited again, it's going to weigh less because that decomposition process released some of that energy as gas.

And so it's or leached it out through moisture or things like that.

And so we actually have less bail, we have lower energy content that is pretty typical across the board.

Now, when we look at things like crude protein content, things get a little bit more interesting, we should say.

Crude protein doesn't behave in exactly the same way.

Usually the biggest loss that we see in that is through leeching or through physical loss.

So like if we've gotten alfalfa bale, you know, leaf shatter, the leaves hold a lot of the protein content, and alfalfa, and so if we're moving those bales around, you know, we get that dust of of the leafs that have been pretty much pulverized, and that leads to a loss of protein content.

So we can lose some in that way.

But however, crude protein, as we measure it is a percent of the total amount of that bail.

And we just said that as a bale decomposes or weathers, it actually shrinks and we get, you know, less dry matter.

And so we can actually run into circumstances where we have less protein loss than we lose dry matter from the bail, and we can actually sometimes increase crude protein content, just because the total percentage of protein in that, and it's kind of counterintuitive, but the total percentage of protein hasn't really dropped that much compared to how much we've lost in dry matter and energy and things like that.

So crude protein can be a little bit different and interesting.

The one really big caveat to that is sometimes we can have heating.

So when that bail gets warm either through microbial activity or fungi or things like that, as it's decomposing, those proteins can be denatured.

And so we can run into a point where we basically get a browning reaction and the protein no longer is going to be able to be useful to the animal, but it's still there.

It's just in a different shape and form.

And so our typical protein test will pick it up and still count it as protein, but we have to do a heat damage protein test, basically, to show, yeah, they're here, but they're not usable for the animal to actually have during digestion and be useful to the animal.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
And says farmers should be aware of any problems like mold before feeding the cattle.

[Ben Beckman, Nebraska Extension Educator]
You know, when we think about how we use these bales, again, testing them is always going to be the best way to kind of determine quality.

If we've got something that's really well weathered, We do have a potential for having things like mold. You know, there's bacteria, a lot of fungi that are gonna be in the outer layer of those bales, just from the decomposition part.

And so need to keep an eye out.

You know, a lot of times we don't have things like mycotoxins or stuff show up, but if we do get some weird colors, always something to run a test for or have something that you're a little bit questionable about.

But a lot of times animals aren't going to really enjoy that hay, they might have some refusal from it, especially if we give them a chance to sort if we're feeding it by rolling that bailout or putting it into a feeder or something like that.

And so there's some trade-offs.

Yeah, they're not going to consume as much, but they're going to get the more high quality parts of it and actually utilize the better part of the veil.

So just how we feed that can be an important thing.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
To read the detailed article about this topic, go to extensions beef website at beef.unl.edu or download the entire interview on Apple Podcasts or Spotify. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

As pastures green up this spring, there may be an opportunity for producers to get some early forage and manage weeds, flash grazing. This can be particularly beneficial for early weeds like cheatgrass or downy brome. Especially problematic in the western parts of the state, cheatgrass greens up early, outcompete native species, and create fine fuels that increase wildfire risk.

Targeted flash grazing—short-duration, high-intensity grazing—can suppress cheatgrass if timed right. The best window is during the elongation phase, just before seed set. This is when animals prefer it, nutritional value is fairly high, before it robs your pastures of moisture and nutrients, and most importantly, before it reseeds itself for the next year.

Flash grazing doesn’t have to be limited to cheatgrass. In eastern Nebraska, pastures hit by drought last year can expect a flush of spring and summer weeds. Flash grazing offers a chance to control those weeds while providing valuable early forage—especially if you're delaying full pasture turnout to allow for regrowth.

Similarly in native pastures being invaded by cool season introduced species like smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass, flash grazing can be a useful tool. Turn out early, before warm season species begin their growth (before late-May) and graze hard.  The cool season grasses will be targeted, and warm season natives will have a chance to better compete for resources later. 

Strategic spring grazing won’t solve every weed problem, but it can jump-start your pasture’s productivity. 

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman. 

JeffRoundupReplace26 Transcript:

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. A popular, yet controversial, non selective herbicide glyphosate has been associated with the brand name roundup. Recently, the roundup brand has changed its formulation that is glyphosate free and all of its horticultural products. UNL director of landscape services, Jeff Culbertson, talks about how roundup has a new formulation with different ingredients.

[Jeff Culbertson, UNL Director of Landscape Services]
One of the products, roundup, historically, has been really synonymous with the chemical glyphosate.

So maybe in years gone past, people would have said, get some roundup and spray that weed with roundup, and they were talking about using glyphosate.

Currently, round up, that brand round up now is really made up of several different chemicals.

So it can be many different products, so it's really when you pick up a bottle that says round up on it, that you look at the label closely, and look at the plants or pests that it may control to make sure that you're getting the right product, because no longer is glyphosate in the recipe for roundup products.

And again, so it's important to look at that label, look at some of the restrictions that those many different chemicals now will have when you're using some of these combination products that round up now produces.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Jeff says there are other products that contain non selective herbicides that are a replacement for the traditional glyphosate roundup.

[Jeff Culbertson, UNL Director of Landscape Services]
There are, however, other versions of non selective herbicides out there.

And again, there's, when you go to the, to the nursery and look at your products, there's really a lot of things to choose from.

There's some that may be advertising that it's a more natural product that may contain certain salts or oils, and certain products like that.

So again, while they may sound very friendly to us, and they may be.

Again, it's really important to look at the label, look at some of the restrictions, make sure that you're applying it to the right plant, and that it works well for your particular situation.

So, again, there's products out there that are easy for us to use.

They come in ready to use format, which is very convenient.

And there are just really a lot of variety of parties out there on the shelf today.

So it's important to look at the labels carefully and not just look at the brand of it.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Finally, Jeff talks about how using common yard tools to control weeds is also very effective.

[Jeff Culbertson, UNL Director of Landscape Services]
And then, you know, never forget that, uh, like, Terry likes to promote the use of a weed knife, that's really your simplest, safest way to get rid of weeds, and sometimes it may seem a little much to go out and dig up a bunch of dandelions, but I can tell you, once you've spent 15 or 20 minutes, you'd be surprised how many dandelions you can dig up and get them out of there, and you won't have to worry about them again.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
The best way to ensure you are using the right product is to first identify the weed pest that needs controlling. Second step is to understand what active ingredients are in the product you want to use. Making sure it is applicable to your yard and garden.  And finally, if you are going to use chemical products on your lawn garden, make sure you thoroughly read and follow the label instructions for specific application techniques and guidelines. You can ask your garden center professional or local extension educator for help when it comes to these products. For Nebraska Extension Almanac. I'm Brad Mills.
Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

ConnorCattleMarkets26 Transcript:

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.
The cattle market has been hitting historic highs recently, but is also facing a few serious issues this season, including a smaller herd, input costs, and feed shortages. Extension assistant educator Connor Beeler talks about these issues, and now producers can stay profitable.

[Connor Biehler, Extension Assistant Educator]
We currently have the lowest cattle numbers that we've had since the 1950s.

So with that, we've actually improved our technologies and genetics, so we can produce more beef per animal, but we still have tight supplies.

Um, you know, the drought hasn't really improved on the planes, and so the retention that we thought we were going to see.

We necessarily haven't seen quite as much of.

And I think with these fibers and the lack of forage out in Western Nebraska and parts of Kansas.

I think that's going to continue to increase these prices, you know.

We're not getting cattle across the Mexican border currently, which that's over a 1000000 head per year that we put on feed.

And so uh, feed lot space is uh, getting hard to fill and uh, trying to find those margins and uh, get those cattle at an affordable price to where you can put some uh, uh, some cost-effective gains on them.

I think converting traditional row crop acres into annual forges is a good risk management and profitability strategy.

It sounds like nitrogen still hard to come by.

And so these annual forges, they use about a 3rd of the nitrogen that traditional corn plants would probably use.

And so it's a good way to decrease your input costs and uh, taking a look at, you know, is there another way that we can put some gain on cattle or could we do a grazing lease if we're not particularly the cattle owners?

Um, several years ago, uh, the corn, when corn was up around $7, uh, we saw a lot of fields with uh, nice fences around them start to get tilled up and I think this year in particular with uh, maybe weaker corn prices than we've seen traditionally and improved prices of beef.

This could be a good way to increase your profits on a whole farm profitability scale.

I think the most important thing is taking a pencil, the paper, and looking at what your input costs for both systems could be, be that row crop production or forge production, and then pencil out your expected outputs as well.

And just kind of figure on a per acre basis where you can get more profit.

And also another thing to take a look at there would be the amount of time that you're going to be spending.

One thing a lot of producers don't do is they don't pay themselves for their time.

They just look at the bottom line of the actual input costs.

So if this system is less expensive, and it requires less input of labor.

I think it's definitely a valuable thing to take into consideration.

The best time to plant this forge is going to be mid-May to early June, that time frame.

And then so you're looking at about 30 to 45 days to where it's actually established enough to where you can graze it on the sorghum sedan varieties, you're going to want to wait until they're at least 18 inches tall.

Prior to that, there's going to be some prussic acid that can cause some toxicities to the cattle.

Other varieties that are going to produce less forage, such as a pearl millet maybe.

You can start grazing those at about a 12 to 18 inch range.

One thing I would say the producers should consider in these current times is that these high costs, reward, low input costs.

So, uh, if you can reduce that cost again and reduce your feeding of harvested or stored feeds, I think that's a good way to get ahead of this curve and put lower uh, costs again on these cattle.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska extension almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Were you expecting more from last year’s alfalfa yields? Did your plants get enough time to winterize in the fall? Do you have concerns about stand winter kill? Evaluating your alfalfa stand in the spring is key to planning management and setting expectations for this year.

As stands begin greening up, alfalfa stand assessment can be completed using a hay square as a quick and easy way to look at the overall stand health. While we call it a hay square, square or circle shapes work equally well.  A 17 x 17 inch square or 19 inch in diameter circle are the size needed.

Next, determine what to count. There are two options when evaluating your stand: 1) by the number of plants per square foot (typically recommended for new stands, planted last fall) and 2) by the number of stems for established stands. Stem count will more accurately predict yield compared to plant number. However, either method will provide information for making management decisions. 

Randomly select 4 to 5 areas in your field to sample. Then count the plants or stems that would be harvested, typically anything over 6 inches, to determine your count. Then divide those numbers by 2 to get stems or plants per square foot. For established stands, having 4 to 5 healthy plants per square foot or 55 stems per square foot would warrant a productive and healthy stand. Fields with stem counts below 55 see a significant decrease in dry matter production.

For stands planted last fall, you will see more plants per square foot compared to stems. Remember, a good rule of thumb is, for every pound of seed planted, expect 3 to 5 plants. New plantings that contain fewer than 12 plants per square foot may need to be reseeded.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.    

BenHayQuality26 Transcript:

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Is older, stored hay, poor quality than more recently harvested hay? Maybe, but it's not the age that is the question here, but the storage conditions, according to extension educator Ben Beckman. He says proper storage can help maintain feed quality of hay for an extended period of time.

[Ben Beckman, Nebraska Extension Educator]
Is when we start to really dive into the studies that have been done looking at hay quality and looking at impact of storage on, hey, it's not the age of the hay, it's the weathering, and basically the decomposition of the hay that's really affecting the quality.

When we're putting up hay, we are essentially trying to stop the clock on decomposition.

Whenever we're putting up a forage, you know, whether that's silage, you know, in that case, we're putting into an amaerobic state, and stopping microbes from decomposing, when we do hay, we're drying it out, getting it to a point where the moisture content is solo, that microbes are no longer going to be decomposing it like they would if we just let that grass or alfalfa or whatever we have in that bale out in the natural environment and just left it spread out.

And so how we have those microbes continued to be stopping, whether we get moisture back onto that bail and they start to decompose again, or whether we have that bail in a totally, you know, dry and isolated condition, really makes a difference when it comes to what the quality of that is versus exactly how long that bail's been there for.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Ben says there are different storage techniques that will help hay remain viable and nutritious for quite some time.

[Ben Beckman, Nebraska Extension Educator]
We're trying to get the hay to a dry point so microbes can no longer be decomposing.

And so the best and ultimately top storage method when we're looking at ways to store haze to, you know, put it inside under under a roof and keep it from getting any moisture on it at all.

And you can see that, you know, if you know anybody that puts up really high quality alfalfa hay a lot of times, you know, they do have a storage shed and, you know, they're keeping it a fair distance so they can get airflow through that and keep those bales, you know, and humid conditions dried out still, you know, they're basically regulating the moisture around those hay bales.

The type of bale that we have makes a big difference.

Our large squares really need to be protected a lot more, say like a round bail would be because those squares don't have that outer covering and the way that they're put together, moisture penetrates into them a lot easier than they do in a round bail.

And even when we're looking at round bales, the difference between grass hay and alfalfa hay and round bale is different as well, and how that sheds water and keeps precipitation from coming into it.

So basically, the big thing is how can we keep precipitation or moisture or anything from getting into that bail, whether it's putting it under storage, putting a tarp over it and keeping it dry that way, and then also keeping it up off the ground, if we can do that as well, so we don't get moisture wicking up into the bail from the bottom.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
One of the biggest spoilers of baled hay is moisture. Ben says bales exposed to weathering will quickly lose quality.

[Ben Beckman, Nebraska Extension Educator]
Um, so there's a lot of different things that tend to happen.

The 1st thing that we usually look at is TDN or measure of energy.

And that really has to do with the soluble carbohydrates that are locked in those plants.

And when the animal eats that and it's either going through the gutter, the rumen, you know, depending on what sort of animal's eating it, that's where a lot of those energy compounds are getting released from.

But that's also what the microbes are using for energy as well as, as, you know, they're growing and basically decomposing that bail.

And so TDN is usually where we see pretty steady drop when we have a bale that's exposed to weathering.

So as soon as we get moisture in their microbes, fungi, those sorts of things start to become active again and they start to use those soluble carbohydrates as energy sources, and so that energy level in those bales starts to drop.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Stay tuned to future almanac programs where Ben continues this discussion about, hey, quality, to read the detailed article about this topic, go to extension's beef website at beef.unl.edu, or download the entire interview on Apple Podcasts or Spotify, for Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Fertilizing cool-season grass pastures or hayfields is something producers do each year while accounting for forage needs, the value of the forage, and fertilizer costs.  With high fertilizer costs this year, many producers are reconsidering this practice or reducing the amount that is applied.  Very important to remember is that adequate precipitation is needed to realize the grass response to the fertilizer. 

Fertilization of smooth bromegrass pastures should occur in spring through early May. If the nitrogen is a single application, usually between 80 to 100 lbs of actual N per acre is suggested for eastern Nebraska.  The recommended application rate declines westward across the state with about 30 to 40 lbs N per acre suggested for the Panhandle. 

If doing split applications, usually it's 2/3 in the spring and 1/3 in the fall when growth resumes on the cool season grasses. With fertilized pasture, be sure to include a rotational grazing plan that will effectively harvest the extra forage and provide the greatest return on the fertilizer investment.  Also remember that adequate moisture is needed with fertilizer applications.  

Soil tests could also be conducted to determine more exact amounts needed, particularly for any phosphorus, potassium or sulfur that could be applied.

Research conducted in Eastern Nebraska has shown a 30% increase in forage yield with fertilization and the economic optimum rate is between 80 to 120 lbs per acre. A crude protein increase from 16 to 20% was seen with fertilizer applications up to 160 lbs. That is a lot of fertilizer, but it did increase crude protein and organic matter digestibility while decreasing NDF or neutral detergent fiber. Always be aware when applying fertilizer, especially in pastures and fields near water sources such as ponds. 

Brome pastures are hardy, and we can and do graze them hard in Nebraska. Haying or grazing operations can benefit if managed correctly with fertilizer. 

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Range and Forage Specialist, Jerry Volesky.
 

CarolinaSoilHealth Transcript:

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Soil health management has many key components, and Nebraska farmers are taking an interest in making sure their soil continues to be strong and healthy for generations to come. UNL statewide soil health specialists, Carolina Cordova talks about why soil health is so important.

[Carolina Cordova, UNL Specialist]
It is so important when we are managing a few, we are not like managing for like one or 2 years, we are actually trying to manage for like a long term.

And also we are considering passing these land to the next generation.

So when having that in mind, we definitely need to consider how we are protecting our soil, how we trying to reduce erosion and increase fertility.

So with that, uh, with that in mind, definitely we are thinking about like building organic matter, considering into like investing in the health of that system.

So in the future can can still like maintain its functionality and its productivity.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
The university offers farmers lots of opportunities to test their soil. And Carolina says farmers should take advantage of that.

[Carolina Cordova, UNL Specialist]
So, from our side, we're trying to engage with producers through different opportunities, and one of those is to help them assess the sole health of their system, trying to evaluate the functionality of their system, if the, that field, it can infiltrate enough water and storage below ground, is, is it like accruing organic matter or not?

So, we are offering opportunities to partner with them and assess their fields and and work with them in evaluating the soil health level of their fields.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
The natural resources and conservation service has a program designed to help farmers build up their soil health.

[Carolina Cordova, UNL Specialist]
NRCAs just recently release a new initiative, a co-shared program, uh, and it's called the regenerative uh, pilot program.

Who has uh, now uh, 58 people uh, have been selected, the ones that have applied.

It was, it was, uh, very surprising that in a social, uh, short, um, notice around more than 100 farmers from Nebraska applied to this program, and now 58 are going to get the funds to implement a new regenerative practice.

Along with that, it comes with a monitoring of the changes in sole health from the adoption of this practice.

So for us, it's very important to partner with NRCS, to train the people that are going to help farmers to do these evaluations of so-health, that is that they need to uh, uh, monitor and use the guidelines of the CEMA 216.

So it will greatly benefit us.

And I'm happy to hear that they're close to 60 producers are going to be implementing new practices, and we are able to help them to monitor in the next 3 and 5 years of these programs.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Carolina stresses the importance of soil health and testing regularly.

[Carolina Cordova, UNL Specialist]
So I will say that it is important for us to think about not only about self fertility, but about soul health, because that's the living, that's the capacity of the soul to function as a living ecosystem, not only to produce healthy food, but also to have a healthy community supporting a healthy, healthy animals.

So we should be definitely working on like protecting our soil from erosion, for the big droughts, and and have that vision, that long-term vision of protecting our system, for or future generations.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was a portion of a feature taken from the Market Journal television program. You can watch Market Journal each Saturday morning on Nebraska public media, or at the Market Journal YouTube channel, for Nebraska Extension Almanac. I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, program host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. On a recent program extension ag economist, Jessica Groskoff detailed a few issues for producers to consider when it comes to rebuilding or replacing their fences lost in the wildfires. On today's program, she continues to discuss key legal issues for fence building. She says, in the case of an absent landowner, written notification of fence repairs required, and encourages farmers to understand the law.

[Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]
So once you have provided that written notice, then when you go onto the property, I think the most important thing is that you are not allowed to remove trees, buildings, personal property, or other obstacles without the neighbor's permission, or a court order.

The other piece about this is there may be disputes of where the property line actually is, and we highly encourage you to have that property line surveyed in order to make sure that we've put the fence in the right location.

[Brad Mills, program host]
Jessica talks about some of the government programs and cost sharing available to help landowners with the cost of rebuilding fences.

[Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]
So when we're talking about replacing fence in particular, we're talking about the emergency conservation program, and this program provides between 75% and 90% cost share, for farmers and ranchers, but this cannot exceed half a $1000000 or 50% of the agricultural value of the affected land.

So this program is important and is something that we need to be looking at.

So there will be a sign up period.

It will be for 30 to 60 days.

So work with your local FSA office to make sure that you enroll during the sign up period.

And I think one of the most important parts of this is there is a needs assessment that must be completed by FSA, or in our CS, and you cannot start work on your fencing until that plan or that needs assessment has been completed in order to get the cost share.

So, as much as I think we want to go out and start working on these projects if you are looking for reimbursement from something like the emergency conservation program, we really do need to make sure that we're going through the process of applying and getting the needs assessment prior to beginning work.

Otherwise, we might disqualify ourselves from that reimbursement.

So as we think about this process, I really want you to come up with a strategy of how you're going to apply for these dollars.

It's likely that USDA will not be able to reinverse everyone for the replacement of their fences.

So as we talk about these perimeter fences, you know, starting the conversations now with your neighbors, regarding how that fence is going to be, number one, rebuilt, but number two, how we're going to apply for reimbursement for it, really thinking through some of those interior fences about whether or not they need to be rebuilt or whether we can use new technology or set up our operation a little bit differently to be more efficient.

So all of the articles from UNL extension related to wildfire can be found on our website at disaster.UNL.edu, and that will include this article about rebuilding fences after disaster.

[Brad Mills, program host]
Today's program was a portion taken from a recent beef watch podcast offered by Nebraska extension. To hear the entire interview and read the detailed article, go to beef.unl.edu or download from Apple Podcasts or Spotify. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Fresh spring growth is a welcome sight for producers looking for animal forage.  However, lush spring growth may be the perfect condition for a case of grass tetany.  While turn out may be a ways off, mitigating this risk starts now.

Grass tetany is the result of low levels of magnesium in an animal’s blood stream.  Low magnesium levels in lush, newly growing grass are often a main cause. In lactating animals, low dietary magnesium paired with a drain on calcium from milk production increases risk even more. Calcium aids in magnesium absorption. This means, high milk producing and older animals are most at risk for developing tetany.

To prevent tetany problems this spring, it’s best to wait till grass in pastures has grown to at least 6 inches high before grazing.  Legumes like alfalfa or clover, are a good source of magnesium, so grazing mixed grass and legume pastures can help balance mineral demands.

While cultural practices can reduce risk, providing correct and adequate mineral supplementation may be the most certain remedy.  Cattle should be consuming 3-4 ounces daily of mineral containing supplemental calcium and 10-13% magnesium oxide. This should start at least 30 days before grazing begins, to ensure proper intake has been established.  

Most high magnesium minerals utilize magnesium oxide, which is bitter tasting and can reduce animal consumption.  Mix magnesium fortified mineral with salt into a complete package or feed with a highly palatable protein or energy supplement to improve intake

High magnesium mineral should be provided for animals until cool season grasses slow down growth and the levels of lush, fresh forage are reduced, around mid-May.  

Dealing with grass tetany in the spring doesn’t have to negatively impact your herd. Plan now to adjust grazing management or mineral supplementation for a tetany-free spring.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.
 

[Brad Mills, Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. In part one of this discussion of early spring irrigation extension educator Steve Melvin talked about specific reasons to get some water on the ground before planting.On today's program, he focuses in on key irrigation points after the seed has gone into the ground.

[Steve Melvin, Nebraska Extension Educator]
Yeah, so after we plant, I think it's always a good option to think about turning the center pivot on when we pull out of the field.

Um, you know, we always want to think about the costs associated with that.

You know, if we've got a particularly a water allocation, you know, we can't replace that water, you know, money, I guess we can spend a little more on irrigation if we need to, but keep the costs in mind.

And the other thing is, we've got the dry land corners and a lot of fields in Nebraska, particularly in eastern half of the state.

We plant the corners to the same crop that we do on the same pass, where we're going to irrigate.

And so that certainly implies that we need to get a good stand there as well.

So I'd rather put the seed just a little deeper in the ground, if that's what it takes to get good seed to soil contact and good moisture, maybe even use the fur openers and push a little dry soil out of the way ahead of time.

But we're really trying to make sure that we get good seed to soil contact and very good uniform moisture around the seed, particularly with corn.

Ideally, we'd have every plant come up within a few hours of each other with corn.

And so it's very important to have good uniform seed to soil contact and moisture around our plants.

The other thing to keep in mind is a half inch water can incorporate herbicides and some nitrogen that we might put out there as well.

But the logistics of that get to be a little more complicated.

You know, we want to get that moisture on the corn seed right away, but a lot of times it takes a few days to get the herbicide and fertilizer out there.

So then one needs to decide, you know, if you're going to water to get good uniformity of the seed, or if we're going to delay a little bit, think on our seed is simply good enough.

But again, if we do that, we want to make darn sure we get moisture all the way down to moisture soil down below.

We don't want to have, you know, maybe at 4 or 5 inch depth, the really dry layer of soil that our little seedling roots just can't grow through.

So we want to make sure we get enough water on to get clear down into that, you know, so we don't stall out the root system any.

[Brad Mills, program host]
Steve says if current drought conditions continue, encourages producers to pay special attention to precipitation this spring and have an idea of what moisture is already present in their fields.

[Steve Melvin, Nebraska Extension Educator]
Yeah, so after we get the crop established, the seedlings emerged and growing, then really what we want to kind of keep in mind is that with irrigation in Nebraska, we always want to consider it, even on dry years and even in a Western part of the state, that our irrigation is a supplement to our rainfall.

And, you know, we all know that sometimes in April and May and June, you know, we might get 3 or 4 weeks without any moisture, that certainly happens, but we always want to plan on having some good moisture, particularly in May and June.

That's our high rainfall months in Nebraska, and typically we get some during that time.

So, really, what we want to do is base it on them out of sole water, that we have stored in our profile.

So get your soul water monitoring equipment out there early and then keep an eye on it and irrigate accordingly.

We certainly, if we're not going to put soul water monitoring out there, take your soul probe out and see what's out there.

But a lot of times we've got more water than we think for.

And we really need to, you know, focus on trying to keep the right amount of water, but not too much, because we're probably going to get some more, and we don't want to overfill the profile, and deep percolate water, which, of course, that time of year, we're going to take some nitrogen with it.

Sandy soils are particularly problematic because they can maybe only hold two or three inches of water.

And if our crops early, and may aren't using very much water.

So if we keep that soil pretty wet, then we can end up in a situation where, you know, if we catch a nice inch or two of rain, we might deep percolate some water and take some nitrogen pretty easy with that.

[Brad Mills, program host]
Today's program was a portion taken from a recent market journal program. You can watch Market Journal every Saturday morning on Nebraska public media or anytime on the Market Journal YouTube channel. For Nebraska Extension Almanac. I'm Brad Mills. 
Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans.  Go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Spring is a time when we might be considering seeding some grass for pasture, hay or just to establish permanent plant cover for wildlife habitat.  In some cases, this may involve attempting to improve or renovate an existing stand or establishing grass on former cropland or a disturbed site. 

To be successful, there are several important decisions that need to be made and guidelines to be followed.  The first of these is deciding the type and species of grass that would be best suited for the site and match the intended use.  General categories of grass include cool- or warm-season and native or introduced species.  For example, cool-season grasses like wheatgrasses, smooth bromegrass, and orchardgrass are excellent choices for pasture and/or hay.  For summer pasture or wildlife habitat, warm-season grasses such as switchgrass, indiangrass, the bluestems and gramas can work well.  Additionally, there may be choices of legumes or forbs that could be included with the grasses.  The soil type and average rainfall in your area would also affect the grass species you might select.

Important factors for successful grass establishment include proper seedbed preparation, method of seeding, weed control, and management of the newly emerged stand.  In many cases, it is useful to get a soil test to determine any fertilization needs for the site.  The ideal seeding rate and time of seeding will also vary depending on the grass species or mixture. 

Make sure the details of your grass seeding plans are complete.  For more information on this topic, search UNL Extension for ‘establishing dryland forage grasses.’  For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Range and Forage Specialist, Jerry Volesky.

[Brad Mills, Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Understanding the principles of vaccination are critical when choosing what product to use, when to use them, and how to ensure the animals get the most benefit. Extension beef educator Lindsay Waechter Mead talks about factors to consider when establishing vaccination protocols for cattle on today's almanac.

[Lindsay Waechter Mead, Extension Beef Educator]
The 1st thing to do would be to have a conversation with your veterinarian, and I think that that's crucial for any plan.

I mean, I'm always gonna promote that for sure, but especially when you're talking about vaccinations.

Because it's really important to remember that vaccines are not one size fits all and the protocol that maybe your cousin has, you know, in a different state or even your neighbor that's like 5 miles down the road may not fit what you need.

And so, starting out before you even think about what vaccines to use.

Um, you know, talk to your veterinarian and discuss some issues that maybe you've had in the past.

Are there certain diseases or conditions that you're really trying to prevent against?

Like have you had problems before?

And even year to year is different.

And so, maybe you had something last year that was new or maybe you've been vaccinating for something that you haven't seen in a long time.

And so, I mean, that could be because of the vaccinations, but again, it may be because the risk isn't quite as high.

And so starting that out with having that valid veterinary client patient relationship is going to really get you started on the right foot.

So, I like to refer to vaccination, like an insurance policy.

So a vaccine is used to reduce risk of disease.

So just like we buy insurance to protect from a tornado or, you know, hail for our house.

A vaccine is going to help to try to prevent any sort of risk that that animal might be exposed to.

So it's not, it's important to remember, it doesn't 100% prevent disease.

And it's, and not necessarily even just like in your herd.

There are animals that will react differently to a vaccination.

So each animal might create a different immune response across your entire herd.

So, remembering that, I think is good, just to kind of give you an upfront.

Now, vaccinations, they go through, you know, research trials and they're going to see how well they are, how, how effective they work and how long the duration works and what type of immunity response those animals get.

And so that also helps lead us in, you know, which vaccine we're going to use.

And there's lots of different options.

I'm not even just talking about brands, but just, you know, maybe route of giving the vaccine or um, what type of pathogen that's inside of it and and what kind of reaction are we going to get in our animals?

So keeping that in mind is going to be good to kind of help you assess on the protocol that you get started to go with.

And then also, the way that the immune system works.

So you think about you get the vaccination and the body recognizes that as something that's not normal.

And so the immune system will start to look at that and say, okay, I need to kind of replicate this and create protection for the next time that I see it.

And so you want to make sure that that immune system is ready to go.

So there's some things that might affect how well the immune system will work, and one of those would be illness.

So if your body is already fighting off something.

So just like if we, If we were sick and we had a fever, maybe we were fighting off influenza, it probably wouldn't be the best time to get an influenza vaccination because your body is already fighting pretty hard to protect itself from what's going on.

And then if you add on another vaccine on top of it.

That might be where you're not going to get the reaction that you would want.

So it's think about your immune system is already kind of preoccupied with the current issue and so you want to make sure that you're vaccinating healthy animals.

So that's really important, especially when we talk about, I mean, at branding time for sure, you know, if you would have somebody that's really sick with scours or you've got maybe an early respiratory thing, you might want to hold off on vaccinating that cap at that time.

And obviously a big time would be like during weaning when we have high stress events, we want to try and decrease the amount of that stress because that also will affect how well the immune system reacts.

So it's just like we want to make sure that the animal is nice and calm and healthy so that it can get the best reaction from that vaccination.

[Brad Mills, Host]
For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.

[Brad Mills, program host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. The recent wildfires in Nebraska have damaged over 900,000 acres of rural land, and some of that damage was done to infrastructure like fences. It might seem like a simple task to reinstall destroyed fences. 
But extension Ag Economist Jessica Groskoff says there are some key issues to consider before rebuilding.

[Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]
As we think about fencing in particular, I think we have to really go back to Nebraska State statute and look through what it specifically says about fencing.

So Nebraska livestock owners are liable for any damage that their livestock cause when they're trespassing.

If the owner does not use reasonable care to prevent that trespass.

So again, the law does not specifically require livestock owners to fence livestock in, but that's often the most reasonable and practical way for us to prevent them from trespassing on others' property.

So in Nebraska, we kind of go by what we call the right hand rule.

So if I have a neighboring property.

What would happen is each owner would walk to the center of the fence and you would be responsible for the fence to the right of you.

So we call that their right hand rule.

And so that's really what dictates maintenance and rebuilding offenses as we think about this.

However, we know that sometimes, one landowner is more proactive.

So, Just because we're responsible for maintaining and repairing that fence doesn't mean we can't repair the entire fence, but we can ask for reimbursement from our neighbor if we do that.

And I think this is really important as we think about wildfire damage is the fact that we're rebuilding entire fences.

And so we need to understand what type of fence can be built and how we go about building that fence when we have a neighboring property.

[Brad Mills, program host]
Jessica talks about the legal standards for replacing fences after something like a wildfire is damaged or destroyed the previous fence.

[Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]
So the 1st thing I want to say is that if you don't agree, that's only when these standards apply.

So if you and a neighbor agree to different standards, You can go through those different standards.

If you and your neighbor don't agree.

Nebraska state statute steps in and it says that the fence must be at least 4 wires.

It must be nine, number 9 fencing wire attached to posts, no more than 16.5 feet apart, with a post or a stake between every 2 posts, and the fence must be at least 4.5 feet high, with no more than one foot between the wires measured from the top.

So again, that's in the statute.

That's the minimum fence, according to the statute.

However, if you and your neighbor agree to a different type of fence, you are welcome to build that other type of fence.

[Brad Mills, program host]
Jessica says there are specific steps to take when dealing with an absent landowner when the fence needs to be fixed.

[Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]
So you must formally serve written notice that you are going to build, maintain, or repair that bordering fence.

If your landowner is an absentee landowner, you must serve that notice to whoever lives on the property or the owner's agent, which is typically their tenant.

And we encourage you to do this probably via registered mail so that you have documentation of that notice.

And then after the written notice has been served, only then can you begin to construct or maintain that fence?

[Brad Mills, program host]
Stay tuned to future almanac programs where Jessica discusses other key legal issues when it comes to rebuilding fences. Today's program was a portion taken from a recent Beefwatch podcast offered by Nebraska Extension. To hear the entire interview, Go to beef.unl.edu, or download from Apple Podcasts or Spotify. For Nebraska Extension Almanac. I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

Wheat, triticale, and rye can all be used as dual-purpose crops for both forage and grain. But after the historic Nebraska rangeland wildfires this year, many producers are looking at them strictly as forage options. 

Traditionally, grazing begins once these cereals reach about 5 to 6 inches in height, usually in early April, and can continue into early May. If grain harvest is still the goal, cattle need to come off before jointing, or the hollow stem stage, to avoid reducing grain yield. If the plan is to graze out the crop entirely, though, the challenge becomes keeping plants vegetative and maintaining quality. Ideally, plants should stay under 10 inches when grazed, which can be difficult with rapid spring growth. Quick rotations and moving cattle before stubble drops below 3 to 4 inches can help maintain a vegetative stand when moisture is adequate.
 

Of the common cereal grains, rye tends to grow earlier because it handles cool spring conditions best. Triticale, on the other hand, may remain productive longer into June. Hay or silage can also be good options, especially if harvest is timed well. Awnless wheat and rye varieties are generally preferred for this use, although awned varieties can still work if harvested just before heading. After graze-out or forage harvest, those same acres may still be available for summer annuals like sorghum, sudangrass, or millet.
 

In the end, the best option will depend on forage needs, economics, available fencing and water, and how quickly you need those acres back into the next crop. With today’s Pasture & Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension’s Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman.
 

[Brad Mills, Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Current dry conditions across most of the state might make crop producers want to get busy irrigating. Extension educator Steve Melvin says, producers will always need to be ready to start irrigating, but encourages them to be cautious. He says the ground might seem hard and dry, but could be holding water from last fall that goes deeper than the surface.

[Steve Melvin, Nebraska Extension Educator]
Well, I think it's always important to have the center pivot ready to go early in the spring. You know, this time of year, make sure it's ready to go.

We hope not to use it, but if we do need it, it's a great option to have.

Pre-irrigation is something that is not really recommended in Nebraska.

Because of the fact that, you know, even in Western part of the state, we get a couple inches of rain on average in April and probably over 3 inches in eastern part of the state.

Some places have got a little better rain now, and we hope it continues.

But we certainly need to also keep in mind that any field that was reasonably well irrigated last year, probably is watter than you might think.

The top 6 inches or a foot might be really dry, but typically we leave some water out there in the fall.

We don't like pre irrigation all that well because of the fat that we get so much surface evaporation from the, you know, there isn't any crop growing out there.

So we get a lot more than we might think.

[Brad Mills, Host]
Steve says there are specific reasons to start getting water on the field, preplanting. He says hard planting conditions or helping and hydrous ammonia applications, or irrigating cover crops might warrant some spring irrigation.

[Steve Melvin, Nebraska Extension Educator]
The main reason I would consider doing some pre-irrigation is if I just simply can't get my planter to work correctly.

You know, maybe I can't get it to go on the ground is too hard or I can't get the seed V closed or something, then it'd be a good plan to pull out of the field and run the pivot and then come back in a few days when we get, you know, a little better condition.

Another circumstance might be if I put on an anhydrous ammonia application, and haven't gotten a couple inches of rain, since we applied that, ammonia, and particularly if it's a higher rate, like maybe 180 pounds, it probably would be a good idea to put some irrigation water on to help prevent any seed burning, seedling burned back.

Also, if you're got alfalfa or wheat or cover crop or something, you're irrigating.

That's not really pre-irrigation anymore now, but with weight, that you're going to harvest for grain this time of year, just kind of keep it moving along well.

You know, we need to keep it really well watered when we get into the boot stage and grain fill.

And with our alfalfa, it's a little different animal.

It's one that we, if we have it established for more than a year.

We've probably used up all of the soil moisture out there last year, and we couldn't really take this time in April and May to refill the profile, some, and get some water out there before we get into the high water use in the summer.

Also, with cover crops or even weed, if we're growing them for a forage, we probably want to keep them well watered during the vegetative stage to grow the maximum amount of forage.

[Brad Mills, program host]
Steve summarized pre-planting irrigation concerns on today's program. Stay tuned to future almanac programs to hear his irrigation advice for spring post-planting. The entire interview can be watched on the Market Journal program, which can be seen every Saturday morning on Nebraska public media or by watching the Market Journal YouTube channel. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s Today’s pasture and forage minute:

In Nebraska, alfalfa weevil scouting is generally recommended once 200 growing degree days have accumulated. Due to the warm temperatures, we have been experiencing across the state, degree day accumulations have already reached over 300 in the east and over 600 in the southwest. These conditions mean scouting for alfalfa weevil is more important than ever.

Alfalfa weevils are beetles that overwinter primarily as adults and emerge as temperatures warm and begin to lay eggs. Plant injury from feeding damage initially appears as pinholes in the terminal leaves, with leaves becoming skeletonized as feeding severity increases. 

To scout, randomly select 5 sites across the field and collect 10 stems at each site, cutting the stems at ground level. Beat the stems into a deep sided white bucket and count the number of larvae to determine the average number per stem. First instar larvae are 1.5mm long and grow to 9mm long at the final instar, or growth stage. They have a black head, wrinkled green body, and a white stripe running lengthwise along the top. Scouting is best done when larvae are most active, in the morning or on overcast days. A threshold table that includes alfalfa as short as 4 inches can be found on the Iowa State Extension website.

While there are several insecticides labeled for alfalfa weevil management, some Nebraska weevil populations may be losing susceptibility to the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin. Therefore, if you believe you have an infestation above threshold, contact your county Extension Office for further guidance.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Crops & Water Educator, Samantha Daniel

[Brad Mills Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.
Dry conditions this fall and winter has led to some poor pasture conditions, and the unfortunate wildfires have damaged 1000s of acres. Some ranchers will be faced with the fact that breeding season might have to be done in confinement. Extension specialist Karla Wilkie says, there's a few key principles that might help you have a successful breeding season.

[Karla Wilke, Extension Specialist]
If we do have to do the breeding season in confinement.

I think one of the 1st things to think about is that it doesn't have to be in a feed lot.

It could be. On a fallow ground or a residue field or a pasture trap, something of that nature, just not out in the in normal pastures, large areas that we usually use, and we may be feeding them a confinement diet, and if that's the case, then that feeding space needs to be about 2 feet per cow, or bull, and then about a foot for the cavs that are in there with them.

This is especially true if we're trying to use kind of a nutrient dense. Diet so that we can limit, feed them a little bit and not go through so much feed.

So feeding space becomes very important so that we don't have lost cows and bulls pushing more timid ones around and those not getting enough feed and then maybe not cycling well because they're short on feed.

So, that's something to think about.

Minimum.

Square footage is usually around 500 square feet, prepare is recommended.

If you have a little more than that, it's great, but um, gets kind of tight if we go under that.

And then an area for calves where they can loaf and get away from the cow and bowl activity of breeding and um, that helps kind of reduce pathogen load exposure when they have a little area where they can kind of get away from everybody.

This may be some opportunity to provide shade or wind protection for the calves as well.

So housing considerations like that can be something to be thinking about if this is something we're going to have to do.

[Brad Mills, Host]
Typically, cattle have good feed options this time of year, but Dr. Wilkie points out that might need some nutrition management if in confinement.

[Karla Wilke, Extension Specialist]
So the lactating cow has a huge energy drain that the just gestating cow, you know, pregnant cow that doesn't have a baby already on her has a much lower need than that cow that's lactating.

That's a huge energy drain due to lactation.

And what happens to some producers is they, they just draw out the diet that they are feeding the cows during gestation, when the cows are already going into lactation because they don't have anywhere to go with them for green grass, and they, Understand that lactation requires more energy, and so maybe they up the fee a little bit, but they don't realize how much lactation increases that need.

And so the cow can begin to pull on her own body reserves of fat to mobilize enough energy to meet the lactation needs of that for that calf.

And then she begins to draw herself down and she doesn't cycle.

And so then I've had people tell me, well, breeding and confinement is just a disaster.

And that might be part of what they ran into, was just that lack of understanding of how much energy lactation requires.

And so, you know, UNL extension is is happy to help people develop those diets with the resources they have, but it's critically important that lush green grass quality is is what we're striving for to get in that cow in a diet that we're actually mixing for her.

And some of that's true for the bulls as well.

They're much bigger in size usually than the cows.

And so their maintenance requirement is more.

And then younger bulls are also growing.

And so again, when they're out on grass, they're maybe able to get that energy need, but if we are the ones that are having to provide it for them, then we have to make sure that the diet that we're mixing and feeding them meets their needs as well.

And then the intake of the calf is something to consider because normally, the calf would be grazing grass and getting their feed that's in addition to milk from that and now it would be on us to provide.

[Brad Mills, Host]
For more details on this topic, please visit the beefwatch website at beef.unl.edu. And to hear the entire interview, you can download it from Apple Podcasts or Spotify. For Nebraska Extension Almanac. I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans. Go to extension.unl.edu

[Brad Mills, Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. On a recent almanac program, Nebraska Extension Specialist, Jerry Valeski, and Mitch Stevenson, discuss how pastures and range land could possibly recover from recent wildfires with some good precipitation. On today's show, Mitch starts the discussion by talking about recovering some of the dead litter on the ground, and how that helps in numerous ways.

[Mitch Stephensen, Nebraska Extension Specialist]
We oftentimes talk of a lot about the litter and standing dead plant material and how important that is in our system, not only as a cover, but also it shades the ground, it helps dissipate some of the rainfall that falls down, it helps hold that soil from wind erosion, those types of things.

And so, as we think about grazing the year after.

A lot of our research, it, for dormant season fires, especially would suggest that we'll get just as much growth on the, uh, of that current year's growth on a burn piece as we would on an unburnt.

Essentially, the tops burned off, but the grass below it, the roots, the what's going to push that growth early on is going to be the energy stored in the buds and the roots, and then precipitation sunlight, the growing conditions are going to drive that after that gets started.

And so, uh, it's probably not going to be too far off what the current year's production is, but you've lost quite a bit of plant material that was there to kind of help hold this oil and the surface and as well as offer a little bit of a buffer in in some of that grazing.

So the, the big thing is you want to go.

We're looking at one to 3 years, in terms of that signature, most of the time, it's within 2 years following a fire, you won't even be able to see those scars from that satellite.

The other thing that we can look at and measure is the amount of bare ground.

And so the bare ground does go up, as you would expect. Because there's not as much later covering that landscape.

And so, a lot of times, I think what Jerry and I both, we'll talk about is if you are going to graze out there that you make sure that you are leaving enough of that residual biomass to help build that cover up.

I think that's really the adaptive nature of grazing after a wildfire is to be responsive and make sure you're not over grazing it to the point that you're not leaving enough of that cover that's out there.

[Brad Mills, Host]
Jerry says one of the strengths of Nebraska range land. Is that plants develop strong root systems, which in turn will also help in a fast recovery.

[Jerry Volesky, Nebraska Extension Specialist]
We're very lucky, I guess, in terms of all of our native range lands that they have some pretty good root systems and particularly in the sand hills where they can prevent excessive amounts of sand, I guess, I should say, from blowing around.

You know, one of the things that, you know, probably contributed to some to this year's wildfires was the fact that last year, 2025, we had a really good growing season and our pasture production in most all of these areas was anywhere from 15 to 25% above our long term average production.

And so, you know, that just literally added more fuel to the fire.

For both cool and warm season grasses, you know, more so in late summer for the for the warm season grasses, which had a really good growing season in general, like I mentioned, but both cool and warm would have gone into the winter in most places in pretty good shape.

They would have had their energy or carbohydrate reserves built up pretty well.

And so even though it was dry over the winter, they were dormant, as we got into spring here, when the fires occur.

[Brad Mills, Host]
To read the detailed article about how to graze after a wildfire, go to Nebraska's extension beef website at beef.unl.edu. To hear the rest of this interview, you can download the Beefwatch podcast from Apple Podcast or Spotify. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension. 
For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu. 
 

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute:

I’ve had several producers ask what to do when talking about drought conditions. While watching trigger dates and rainfall is important, it’s just as critical to plan ahead for potential forage shortfalls. A forage budget helps match what your pasture can produce with what your livestock need to consume think of it like balancing a checkbook, but with grass.

Step 1: Estimate Forage Availability
A good rule of thumb is that one inch of forage across an acre yields about 200 pounds of dry matter. So, if you have six inches of good-quality forage, that’s roughly 1,200 pounds per acre. Keep in mind that drought stress can reduce both yield and grazing efficiency, so conservative estimates are helpful.

Step 2: Calculate Herd Requirements
A 1,200-pound cow consumes about 2.5% of her body weight daily, or roughly 30 pounds of dry matter. For a herd of 100 cows, that’s about 3,000 pounds per day.

Step 3: Compare Supply and Demand
Divide your available forage by daily herd demand to estimate how many grazing days you have. If a gap shows up, that’s your signal to act early whether that means adjusting stocking rates, supplementing feed, securing hay, or exploring alternative forage options.

Example:
If you’re short 30 days at 3,000 pounds per day, that’s a 90,000-pound forage deficit. At $100 per ton for hay in today’s market, you would need about 45 tons, adding roughly $4,500 in feed costs.

Bottom line:
A forage budget turns uncertainty into a plan. Knowing your numbers allows you to make timely, cost-effective decisions that protect both your pasture and your bottom line.

Make your grass work for you know your forage budget.

For today’s pasture and forage minute I am Nebraska Extension Ag Economist Shannon Sand

[Brad Mills, Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. A recent survey of Agland values in Nebraska revealed a decline for the second straight year. While there are numerous factors for this decline, extension ag economist Jim Jansen says cash rent has also several items that determine rates, such as location, usage, and responsibilities, between owner and tenant.

[Jim Jansen, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]
Annually, the University of Nebraska Lincoln, with the center for agricultural profitability, annually surveys, individuals working in the land industry, on current trends in the market value of land, as well as cash rental rates across Nebraska.

Recent findings from the preliminary estimates as part of the real estate survey for the upcoming 2026 survey took a look at current trends and cash rental rates across Nebraska.

As part of this survey, the University of Nebraska Center for Agricultural Profitabilities preliminary estimates, summarizes changes across the 8 agricultural statistic districts for Nebraska are more commonly referred to as crop reporting districts on average for dry land craft land, gravity irrigated crop land, center pivot irrigated crop land, grazing land, or pasture on a per acre basis, as well as cow calf pairs on a month ly basis.

Now general trends across Nebraska indicated a slight decline for crop land, which is reflecting current trends or expectations related to profitability for crop land across Nebraska.

And we also seen a slight increase across the state or a slight to gradual increase for grazing land across Nebraska, which also reflects changes in the profitability for cow calf pairs or cattle prices that some might have for this upcoming fall when cattle are pulled off the pasture and some folks might be selling calves or maybe they were eight until after the 1st of the year with doing that.

Now, the average cash rental rates reported for gravity, irrigated, and center pivot irrigated crop land assume that the landowner owns the entire irrigation system.

A patent provides a component of that, especially on center pivot irrigated cropland where they might provide either the pivot, or the power unit, we might discount the cash rents to reflect the fact that the tenant is individual responsible for ensuring, repairing, or maintaining those improvements if they own those.

And we've seen discounts around $35 to $45 an acre when the tenant provides a pivot, and also some averages from a real estate survey from back in 2023 discounts of around 10 to maybe even $15 an acre in the event the tenant provides a pivot.

Now, they irrigated rental rates.

There's upkeep associated with that, and there's also upkeep associated with grazing land, whether it's control of noxious weeds, repair fencing materials, things of that nature.

Who is responsible for maintaining those things?

Well, I think generally speaking, tenants are have the expectation when they initially rent the property that's fairly well maintained, they have good equipment and things are kept up to speed or kept up in a state that are conducive to what they're trying to do out there.

Minor upkeep might be something that can be negotiated into the lease.

Major upgrades or major concerns, getting those addressed might be an expense that we have to dive a little bit deeper into, and maybe we would discount the cash rent for the upcoming year, years to reflect a large contribution, if a tenant has the type of equipment, maybe do dirt work or remove unwanted trees or brush with, say, a large excavator, for example.

All those things are negotiable elements of a lease and something that we need to be aware of when we're negotiating leases just beyond the cash rent or when there's a cash rent due, we need to be setting up a lease that accounts for both the contributions of both parties involved when it comes to setting a lease format that is conducive to the expectations of the upcoming year.

Drought, fire damage is definitely something else that we need to consider.

And I encourage everyone to exert flexibility when appropriate to account for these events that unfortunately have impacted us.

Find more information on the Nebraska farm market, real estate preliminary estimates, including land values and cash rental rates.

That is it, the Center for Ag Profitability website at cap.unl.edu slash real estate.
[Brad Mills, Host]
For Nebraska extension almanac. I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media, and Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Conditions in the state may have contributed to the recent wildfires that destroyed ag land, past years, and some communities. Extension specialist Jerry Valeski and Mitch Stevenson talk about how fire damage affects pasture land and subsequent grazing. Jerry begins the discussion by talking about grass types, and how that might help recovery in damaged past years.

[Jerry Volesky, Nebraska Extension Specialist]
When we have a wildfire and help strictly speaking about the Lust Canyons, We're dealing with an area that did have, in many of the places, quite a bit of cedar trees that burned as well.

But people have to keep in mind that these grasses are perennials, most of them are perennials, and they will come back, are key to this, course, is going to be adequate rainfall.

And we do see many times an increase of annual weeds after the fire, and this is really what fire is a disturbance to these range lands.

And so having some weeds in there can be pretty common, but that's not necessarily a bad thing.

Our key message I tell for producers is that one of the things that they do need to be careful with is the how heavy they are grazing.

So 1st of all, whether or not they graze this year is going to dependent on rainfall.

And in many cases, it shouldn't be a problem that they could turn out to these pastures in mid to late summer or this fall, if there's a specific need that they need to get out on some pasture.

But regardless, they should be at a bit of a lower stocking rate and leave a little bit of extra residue out there.

[Brad Mills, Host]
Mitch says some good spring rain will really help these damaged areas recover.

[Mitch Stephensen, Nebraska Extension Specialist]
You know, there's been a few fires there north of North Platte that we've monitored over the years.

One was the Betty's Wayfire that was in 2024, and that fire, especially, I think we got this really good precipitation that spring.

It was a dormant season fire.

And that spring got really good precipitation.

And I remember going out in, in late June, early July and and having a hard time finding the, even the burned line of where it had burned and not burned.

And so, you know, the recovery seemed to be fairly, fairly quick on some of those fires, if we get the precipitation, but, you know, as you mentioned, the totals acres burned, numbers that I have is of March 18th.

So I know more has burned since then, especially with those fires near Ashby and Hyannis.

The numbers I have are about 823,000 acres have burned this year and to kind of put that in context with the data that we have from the National Interagency Fire Center as well as the monitoring trends and burned severity website.

I mean, 1984 and 2025.

These are wildfires over a 1000 acres.

That amounted to about one. 1600000 acres.

And so over that, you know, roughly 40 year period.

And so really kind of unprecedented in what we've seen in terms of the size, especially without moral fire and moral garden, Arthur counties.

And so being out there on the burn pastures this last week, you know, it definitely is, does look bare out there.

There are a lot of choppy sands in that area.

But when you really think about it.

And as you walk through a lot of that area, What we don't see is just the tremendous root amounts that are just below the surface, right?

We've seen we see some of that sand moving on the top, but not very far below that.

Think about as much vegetation as it was above ground.

There's just as much or more below ground, and a lot of that's in the top foot or so of soil there.

And so there's there's a tremendous mat there that holds a lot of that soil together.

[Brad Mills, Host]
Stay tuned to future programs where Jerry and Mitch continue this topic of grazing on fire damage past years. To read the detailed article about how to graze after a wildfire, go to Nebraska Extension’s beef website at beef.unl.edu. For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media, and Nebraska Extension.
For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

Here’s todays pasture and forage minute:

Last fall, some pastures across Nebraska were hit hard by armyworms. This spring, those acres may be noticeably slower to green up and recover. If that is the case on your operation, the biggest thing right now is patience.

Armyworms can remove a lot of leaf area in a short amount of time. Even when stands remain intact, that late-season feeding can leave grasses stressed and force them to use up energy reserves before winter, rather than going into dormancy with a full tank. As a result, plants entered winter already run down.

That matters this spring. Early growth depends heavily on stored carbohydrate reserves. If those reserves were reduced last fall, growth can be slower, weaker, and less uniform. Add in dry conditions, cool weather, or heavy early grazing pressure, and recovery can lag even more.

So what can producers do? First, avoid the temptation to graze those acres too early. Turning out before plants have a chance to rebuild leaf area can slow recovery even further. Second, scout those pastures closely. If you find thin spots or weak areas, decide whether they simply need more rest or whether some overseeding or reseeding may be needed. Third, if fertility has been marginal, proper nutrient management may help support recovery, but time and rest are still the main tools.

Pastures damaged by armyworms last fall may just need a little extra grace this spring. Give them a chance to recover before making big decisions.

With today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator Ben Beckman.

[Brad Mills, Host] 
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Just as it is extremely important to make a state and transition plans for your farm operation after you retire or pass away, the documentation will ensure that your wishes are carried out. On today's program, extension ag economist Jessica Groskoff details the documents you'll need for an estate plan.

[Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]
So an estate plan, you absolutely need a will, a power of attorney, a power of attorney for healthcare, and a healthcare directive, or a living will.

Those are the 4 documents.

These documents are relatively easy to put together, and they can be updated as long as you are competent anytime prior to your death.

I like to think of these as the safety net, right, of a more complicated plan.

But the base there are these 4 documents.

So let's go through what these documents do.

So will assign someone called the personal representative and what their job is to distribute your assets that pass through the will at your death.

That's their job, is to make sure that this goes to this person.

That's what a will does.

Okay?

Now, not all assets will pass through a will depending on how things are set up, but you absolutely need one, even if you have more complex estate planning tools like a trust.

Okay.

Now, the next 3 documents, the power of attorney, the power of attorney, for healthcare, and the living will or healthcare directive, I often like to think of as the documents for your sunset years.

Um, but really there any time that you cannot make a decision for yourself, if you are incapacitated in some way.

These documents will come into play.

So a power of attorney assigns an agent, and in the 1st case, that power of attorney will carry out business on your behalf.

Now, this can be very broad, or it can be very narrow, but a power of attorney is important to carry on business while you are unable to make those decisions for yourself.

A power of attorney for healthcare can only make decisions on your behalf when you are unable to make them for yourself and only for healthcare decisions.

And finally, the living will or healthcare directive is the document that says what kind of care you want.

Now, we have a few different people that we've named here.

We have a personal representative in the will.

We have an agent within our power of attorney for business, and we have an agent in our power of attorney for healthcare.

These can be the same person.

They do not have to be.

The one thing I will say about that is it's somewhat easier if the personal representative and your business power of attorney are the same because they are dealing with specifically the business until your death and then can carry on after your death.

Okay.

However, they do not have to be.

I do not like to see multiple people named to these positions.

I think you need a primary person, and if you want to name like a backup.

That's fine, but I don't want to see panels of people, right?

So if you have multiple children, I don't want to see them be co powers of attorney or co-personal representatives.

I think it's important to name one and then have a backup on there.

[Brad Mills, Host]
For more information and guidance on estate and transition planning, go to UNL Center for Ag Profitability website at cap.unl.edu. That's cap.unl.edu. For Nebraska Extension Almanac. I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.
For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Host] 
Nebraska Extension Almanac. Just as it is extremely important to make a state and transition plans for your farm operation after you retire or pass away, the documentation will ensure that your wishes are carried out. On today's program, extension ag economist Jessica Groskoff details the documents you'll need for an estate plan.

[Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]
So an estate plan, you absolutely need a will, a power of attorney, a power of attorney for healthcare, and a healthcare directive, or a living will.

Those are the 4 documents.

These documents are relatively easy to put together, and they can be updated as long as you are competent anytime prior to your death.

I like to think of these as the safety net, right, of a more complicated plan.

But the base there are these 4 documents.

So let's go through what these documents do.

So will assign someone called the personal representative and what their job is to distribute your assets that pass through the will at your death.

That's their job, is to make sure that this goes to this person.

That's what a will does.

Okay?

Now, not all assets will pass through a will depending on how things are set up, but you absolutely need one, even if you have more complex estate planning tools like a trust.

Okay.

Now, the next 3 documents, the power of attorney, the power of attorney, for healthcare, and the living will or healthcare directive, I often like to think of as the documents for your sunset years.

Um, but really there any time that you cannot make a decision for yourself, if you are incapacitated in some way.

These documents will come into play.

So a power of attorney assigns an agent, and in the 1st case, that power of attorney will carry out business on your behalf.

Now, this can be very broad, or it can be very narrow, but a power of attorney is important to carry on business while you are unable to make those decisions for yourself.

A power of attorney for healthcare can only make decisions on your behalf when you are unable to make them for yourself and only for healthcare decisions.

And finally, the living will or healthcare directive is the document that says what kind of care you want.

Now, we have a few different people that we've named here.

We have a personal representative in the will.

We have an agent within our power of attorney for business, and we have an agent in our power of attorney for healthcare.

These can be the same person.

They do not have to be.

The one thing I will say about that is it's somewhat easier if the personal representative and your business power of attorney are the same because they are dealing with specifically the business until your death and then can carry on after your death.

Okay.

However, they do not have to be.

I do not like to see multiple people named to these positions.

I think you need a primary person, and if you want to name like a backup.

That's fine, but I don't want to see panels of people, right?

So if you have multiple children, I don't want to see them be co powers of attorney or co-personal representatives.

I think it's important to name one and then have a backup on there.

[Brad Mills, Host]
For more information and guidance on estate and transition planning, go to UNL Center for Ag Profitability website at cap.unl.edu. That's cap.unl.edu. For Nebraska Extension Almanac. I'm Brad Mills.

Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media and Nebraska Extension.
For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

JayStratPlanning23 Transcript:

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

The volatile nature of the ag industry can make strategic planning for any operation a headache. Nebraska extension ranch management specialist Jay Parsons says successful operations have a solid foundation of planning, as well as good decision making under pressure, on today's almanac, he talks about how strategic planning can help producers chart a plan to success.

[Jay Parsons, Nebraska Extension Ranch Management Specialist]
Well, surprisingly, a lot of the stuff hasn't been done in the U.S. As far as studying producers implementing strategic planning and whether or not they're doing it successfully.

So at least the studies I was able to find were pretty much overseas or up in Canada.

So Peter Nuttall out of New Zealand's done quite a bit of work looking at managerial abilities of ag producers and different aspects of that.

And his survey, he was asking producers to rank, different attributes, that they think are important for management.

And surprisingly, having a clear vision of their missions and objectives and goals, uh, ranked, kind of in the middle of pack. Who's about 6 on their list of 15.

I think that they ended up ranking.

But things that were at the top were things that we'd expect to be there.

Like the ability to basically read the tea leaves, right?

See where the markets are going, see what's happening out there and reacting accordingly, where the type of things that made the top five.

And then there were some out of UK.

And, um, there was a study there on just general small businesses, small family uh, businesses in rural areas, um, and then uh, one that they looked at the actual uh, farmers themselves and uh, things that they uh, ranked up there.

It pretty much, you know, comes down to goals and objectives, right?

It's kind of the take-home point of things that they pointed out in there.

Um, you know, other things that you could do, like SWAT analysis, you know, strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and stuff like that kind of kind of weigh in there a little bit, but a lot of producers don't get to that level of it.

But they at least, I think one of the studies, there was 3 quarters and the other one, maybe 2 thirds, that actually said that they had a clear understanding of their goals and objectives.

Surprisingly, well, maybe not surprisingly.

Very few actually had them written down.

So it's more like 10 or 15%.

Just general planning tools, right?

So, so, you know, you think of crop farmers or crop rotations, you know, where they're going to put their crops in what years and how those rotations might work, same thing on the on the livestock side with grazing management plans and stuff like that.

That we might think of more traditional production planning tools.

Those are also part of your strategic plan, right?

Because a lot of times it has to do with basically machinery replacement decisions or machinery purchases, land, management decisions and so on.

So all of those are part of an overall strategic plan.

But then certainly cash flow projections and things like that, the financial side of it weighs in there too.

For the most part, people, you know, and Agar try to build their financial positions or their equity position.

So having good, you know, financial statements produced on a regular basis and just kind of goals of different metrics that you're trying to reach each year is important.

Farmers or ranchers spend a lot of time producing, right?

So they're sometimes they're on tractors, sometimes they're out on a horse or at a pickup or whatever.

And they think about things that they want to accomplish on their operation virtually every day, you know, several times a day.

Um, just take some time to think about some timelines.

You know, what is it?

How would I measure progress towards these things I want to accomplish?

And then take, you know, some time to write some stuff down.

You got to start someplace.

So you never really know what the key metrics are until you start thinking them through, right?

What is the right way to measure that I'm actually growing my business in the direction that I want it to go, reaching, uh, if you're wanting the next generation to take over, what kind of planning goes into that in terms of of getting those uh, young folks involved in the operation and finding a place for them to uh, operate and function and grow as a manager within the operation.

Lots of different things like that that you can think through and where you want your operation to be in five, 10, 15 years, and then just, you know, lay out some things that you would use to measure that you actually make in progress.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Today's program was a portion taken from a recent farmcast podcast offered by the University of Nebraska Center for Ag Profitability to hear the entire interview, go to cap.unl.edu or download from Apple iTunes. For Nebraska Extension Almanac. I'm Brad Mills. Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR media, and Nebraska Extension.

For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans, go to extension.unl.edu.
 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac

For the second year in a row, Nebraska's Ag land value has declined according to extension Ag economists, Jim Janssen. Those values reflect differently according to location and how the land is used. He talks about some of the key factors. Affecting AG real estate values. So in the state of Nebraska, the University of Nebraska Lincoln annually surveys land industry professionals across the state to evaluate changes in land values as well as cash rental rates.

[Jim Jansen, Nebraska Extension Ag Economist]
As part of recent findings from the University of Nebraska Lincoln Center for Agricultural Profitability. Farm real estate market survey and report findings indicated that the overall market value of land decreased approximately 1% to an average of $3,905 an acre, which is about 1% lower than the prior year.

With that being said, the market value of land is composed of two, uh, land classes you might call. One land class is a crop land side, whether irrigated or dry land, crop land. The other type of land is, uh, grazing land and hay land roughly half, a little over half the state is in grazing land or hay land.

The other half is cropland. Now what was reported and some of the trends indicated is the trends in the market value of land are actually reporting the profitability or the profitability expectations surrounding crop land versus grazing land. For example, the average market value of crop land declined slightly one to 2% for dry land cropland with or without irrigation potential, and maybe even a little bit more than that for the irrigated, for center pivot or, or, um.

Gravity irrigated cropland, which those declined about two to 3%. Now, for grazing land, which the profitability is a little bit different for the cow calf folks, or at least the expectation is that prices are fairly high and expectation. We might see fairly favorable prices for the fall of 2026 when one might consider selling cattle, or maybe after the first of the year if you choose to hold them that long.

We've seen an increase anywhere from five to 7%. Now that reflects a lot of a difference in the market value of land. So it's important when we're talking about the market value of land, what type of land are we reporting on, and also what area of the state are you in? Differences in the presence of livestock, even on the crop land side, when folks are having a good year on the, um, cattle side of, uh, cow calf peas.

Or if you're in the feedlot business, you might see some of those values get reflected in. Potential buyers buying land or evaluating land purchases in an area. So for the upcoming year, things to be keeping an eye on is where interest rates headed. That influences the cost of long-term borrowing, where input expenses headed seed, fertilizer, chemical on the cropland side, fuels also in consideration even for the cow calf folks.

And herbicide, yes, on if you raise hay or. Got, uh, grazing land, you might use various, uh, types of herbicides for things like that. And also the price of seed if you're on the cropland side, where, where's profitability headed. So we have to keep an eye on that. And obviously we're having a lot of challenges right now related to fire damages on, uh, some of the acreage that was unfortunately, uh, burned in the western part of the state.

What does recovery look like for that? And also what does profitability look like for the cow calf folks? So there's a lot of things to be keeping an eye on and unfortunately it looks like this year might be a dry year, and hopefully I'm wrong in saying that. And we start getting adequate moisture. I think everybody is short moisture to some degree, and, uh, small rainfall of any amount at this point would definitely help some of those folks in their recovery efforts.

Or even if you're on the grazing land side, uh, helping get some of that spring vegetation started growing. That'd be very useful. So to find more information on the Nebraska Farm Real Estate Market Survey and Report, visit the Center for Agricultural Profitability website at cap.unl.edu/realestate, no space real estate in one word for Nebraska Extension Almanac.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
For Nebraska Extension Almanac, I'm Brad Mills, Nebraska Extension Almanac is a production of IANR Media Nebraska Extension. For more information on how your university is serving Nebraskans. Go to extension.unl.edu.

Here’s today’s pasture and forage minute.

As temperatures begin to rise, don’t’ forget to take a bit of time to assess alfalfa stand health going into this year’s growing season. Snow cover over the winter helped insulate plants from extreme temperatures, but exposed plants, older stands, or late harvested alfalfa still have a potential for winter kill. 

Even before plants begin to green up, individual plant assessments can be done.  While assessment before green-up occurs may seem a bit preemptive, pre-scouting now can focus scouting efforts to problem areas later on when time becomes precious during spring planting. 

Dig up 4-5 random plants per 20 acres, being sure to get the crown and a good portion of the tap root (around 6 inches at least).  Split the root and crown open. A healthy plant will be white and firm while winter damaged taproots will be yellow to brown in color and stringy. Yield will begin to be impacted when damage is greater than 30% of the total root/crown area.

Look for alive, in-tact basal buds at the crown of the plant.  Buds formed last fall will start growth sooner and boost first cutting yields.  A lack of basal buds doesn’t mean that the plant won’t recover, but first cuttings may be smaller.

If plants have begun growth, look at where it is occurring on the crown.  Healthy plants will have growth fully throughout the crown while damaged plants will often have asymmetrical growth with more stems on one side than the other.

If more than 30% of the plants assessed have significant damage, yield for the upcoming year may be impacted. Options like interseeding perennial grasses, seeding a warm season forage crop after the first harvest, or terminating the stand may need to be considered.

For today’s Pasture and Forage Minute, I’m Nebraska Extension Forage Systems Educator, Ben Beckman. 

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Nebraska Extension Almanac.

Recent wildfires in Nebraska have taken their toll on farmland, rural communities as well as livestock. On today's program, 2 veterinarians from Kansas, who've had experience in helping cattle and other livestock recover from problems from wildfires, discuss key factors to recovery. To start the show, Dr. Randall Spare talks about how wildfire damage is different for every farm operation.

I think the thing that we have to understand is it's a complex issue and no operation is the same.

[Dr. Randall Spare, Kansas Veterinarian]
Each operation is going to handle this differently.

Some need more help than others, but as we assess the cattle, end up, it's an ongoing assessment, but, Obviously, there's those cattle that succumb to it, to the fire and they're dead.

There's cattle that have been hurt, but still walking around, and uh, Than those cattle that happen to be in a location where they weren't hurt.

Major damages that would occur that with cattle still alive or burnt hides and more importantly, probably the feet that have gotten so hot.

And uh, initially there may not, may not be any separation at the coronary band that's obvious.

But those are issues that can occur either from two, three, four, five, 6 days after the fire, they appear to be normal, but then they're start to become lame and they, they might be not able to get around and then if you look down and look at their feet, there's a separation at the cornel band.

Also, the udders are a problem.

Those cows that have been burnt, but they're walking around, they're udders.

I don't know any other way, but you just got to almost feel each one of those to see if they're being damaged.

[Brad Mills, Program Host]
Dr. Travis McCarty focuses on how experience can be critical to understanding what cattle are going through and have the ability to help them recover.

[Dr. Travis McCarty, Kansas Veterinarian]
You know, the beginning, you're just triaging through an emergency, right?